Numerical analysis of process parameters for laser wire welding

Gaizka Urretavizcaya^1,2, Maialen Areitioaurtena¹, Mario Javier Cabello¹, Miguel Morales²

1: Ikerlan S.Coop, Spain; 2: Centro Láser, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid

Thermo-Mechanical Modelling to Predict Crack Formation in Beam-Shaped Laser Welding of Recycled AA6060 Alloys

Mahsa Rasoulisamar¹, Hiren R Kotadia^1,2, Pasquale Franciosa¹

1: Warwick University, United Kingdom; 2: Liverpool John Moores University, United Kingdom

Solidification Cracking Susceptibility of AA6082 Alloy to Dynamic Beam Shaping During Autogenous Laser Welding

Ahmad Reshad Bakhtari, Sattar Ghasemi Goneyrani, Pasquale Franciosa

Warwick Manufacturing Group, The University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom

Transverse hot cracking in high-speed laser welding of high-strength aluminum alloys

Johannes Michel, Jonas Wagner, Frauke Holder, Felix Zaiß, Michael Haas, Christian Hagenlocher, Thomas Graf

University of Stuttgart, Germany

Selective Element Evaporation via Laser De-Alloying to Improve the Formability of High-strength Aluminium Alloy 7075

Marcel Stephan^1,2, Dominic Neumayer¹, Lova Chechik^2,3, Dominic Bartels^1,2,3, Stephan Roth^1,2, Michael Schmidt^2,3

1: Bayerisches Laserzentrum gemeinnützige Forschungsgesellschaft mbH (BLZ), Konrad-Zuse-Straße 2-6, 91052 Erlangen, Germany; 2: Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Paul-Gordan-Str. 6, 91052 Erlangen, Germany; 3: Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Institute of Photonic Technologies (LPT), Konrad-Zuse-Straße 3-5, 91052 Erlangen, Germany

Mechanical and microstructural characterization of cold sprayed aluminum-stainless steel dissimilar laser welding

Yeong Gil Jo^1,2, Seung Hwan Lee², Minjung Kang¹

1: Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Korea, Republic of (South Korea); 2: Hanyang University, Korea, Republic of (South Korea)

GHz femtosecond bust laser for high-quality and efficient deep engraving

Roberta Ruffilli¹, Riccardo Conzatti¹, Martina Pagani¹, Caterina Gaudiuso², Antonio Ancona², Alessandro Greborio¹

1: Lithium Lasers, Via Zeni 8, 38068 Rovereto, Italy; 2: Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie (IFN)-CNR U.O.S. Bari, via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy

Multi-laser process machining of highly efficient polycrystalline diamond micro-drills

{Dr.} Paul Butler-Smith¹, {Dr} Mitchell Leering¹, {Dr} Ben Mason¹, {Mr} George Slater¹, {Mr} Raphael Ragueneau², {Dr} Sundar Marimuthu¹

1: The Manufacturing Technology Centre, United Kingdom; 2: Diamoutils, France

Femtosecond laser drilling of plastic capsules for targets fabrication

Remy Bourdenet, Isabelle Geoffray

CEA, DAM, centre de Valduc, 21120 Is Sur Tille, France

Femtosecond Laser Processing for Cutting Tool Optimization: Edge Structuring and Surface Texturing for Improved Performance

Aldara Pan Cabo^1,2, Lorena Lozada Cabezas^1,2, Tomás Soria Biurrun^1,2, Iñigo Ramón Conde^1,2, Enrique Castaño Carmona^1,2, Jose Manuel Sánchez Moreno^1,2, Santiago Miguel Olaizola Izquierdo^1,2

1: CEIT-Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Manuel Lardizabal 15, 20018 Donostia / San Sebastián, Spain.; 2: Universidad de Navarra, Tecnun, Manuel Lardizabal 13, 20018 Donostia / San Sebastián, Spain.

Invited Talk: Polymer nano functionalization for laser powder bed fusion: Minimizing additive incorporation to manufacture bactericidal and magnetic parts

Jan Lino Kricke¹, Sebastian-Paul Kopp^2,3,4, Bilal Gökce¹, Carlos Doñate Buendía⁵

1: Materials Science and Additive Manufacturing, School of Mechanical Engineering and Safety Engineering, University of Wuppertal, Germany; 2: Institute of Photonic Technologies (LPT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; 3: Bayerisches Laserzentrum GmbH, 91052 Erlangen, Germany; 4: Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), 91052 Erlangen, Germany; 5: GROC-UJI, Institute of New Imaging Technologies, Universitat Jaume I, Av. De Vicent Sos Baynat s/n, Castellón, 12071 Spain

Laser metal powder bed fusion of pure copper with green and infrared wavelength for power electronics applications

Isabelle Günther¹, Thomas Niendorf², Benjamin Zillmann¹

1: Robert Bosch GmbH, Robert-Bosch-Campus 1, 71272 Renningen, Germany; 2: Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Kassel, Mönchebergstr. 3, 34125 Kassel, Germany

Process parameter development and optimization for the Scalmalloy® alloy in the additive manufacturing of aircraft applications

Jens Niedermeyer, Timo Witte, Jan Philipp Wahl, Fabian Schlenker, Myriam Maalaoui, Marcus Oel, Ina Meyer, Roland Lachmayer

Leibniz University Hannover, Germany

In-situ high speed optical and thermal imaging of metal powder particles during melting and solidification

Hagen Peter Kohl¹, Eric Schadow², Lisa Matthäus¹, Stefan Nolte^1,2

1: Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Institute of Applied Physics, Abbe Center of Photonics, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 07745 Jena, Germany; 2: Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering IOF, Albert-Einstein-Str. 7, 07745 Jena, Germany

Measurement of real temperatures in metal powder bed fusion: hyperspectral thermography

Simon J. Altenburg, Philipp P. Breese

Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung, Germany

Comparison of different enamel removal technologies for laser welded copper hairpins: laser stripping and mechanical milling

Giulio Borzoni¹, Daniele Nocciolini¹, Rubino Corbinelli¹, Alessandro Bartoli², Ali Gökhan Demir³

1: IMA Automation, Strada S. Appiano 8/A, 50028 Barberino Tavarnelle, Italy; 2: El. En. Laser, Via Baldanzese 17, 50041 Calenzano, Italy; 3: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Via La Masa 1, 20156 Milan, Italy

New hybrid welding method WoGaWe

Libor Mrna, Hana Sebestova, Jan Novotny

Institute of Scientific Instruments CAS, Czech Republic

A study on the effect of laser heat treatment on the joining of high carbon steels by laser welding

Gökan Yılmaz^1,2, Burak Kişin², Deniz Kaya², Murat Reis², Kadir Çavdar²

1: R&D Department, Durmazlar Makina San. ve Tic. A.Ş., 16125, Bursa, Turkey; 2: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, Görükle Campus, 16059, Bursa, Turkey

Enabling the Manufacturing of the Longitudinal Butt Joint of the World’s Largest Thermoplastic Aircraft Structure

Eric Pohl¹, Maurice Langer¹, Peter Rauscher¹, Andrés Fabián Lasagni^1,2

1: Fraunhofer Institute for Material and Beam Technology IWS; 2: Technische Universität Dresden, Chair of laser-based Manufacturing

Laser direct joining of metal-polymer hybrid connections with glass fiber reinforced high-performance polymers

Lea Kroth¹, Andreas Schkutow², Wolfgang Burgmayr¹, René Geiger¹

1: Evosys Laser GmbH, Germany; 2: Technische Hochschule Nürnberg Georg Simon Ohm

Innovative laser direct joining of PEEK-CFRP and light metals for carbon neutrality

Tsuyoshi Nakamura¹, Yosuke Kawahito¹, Tomio Iwasaki², Michiko Mori¹, Kazuya Kitada¹, Akira Masago¹, Hitomi Tonosaki¹

1: Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan; 2: Hitachi, Ltd.

AI-driven optimization of femtosecond laser micromachining parameters

Céline Petit¹, David Bruneel¹, Nathanaël Mariaule², Sven Wauters², Arnaud De Decker²

1: LASEA BE, Belgium; 2: SAGACIFY, Belgium

Parameter optimization for femtosecond laser cutting of various polymers

Arnas Vyšniauskas^1,2, Laimis Zubauskas¹, Evaldas Kažukauskas^2,3, Valdemar Stankevič^1,2, Paulius Gečys¹

1: Center for physical sciences and technology (FTMC), Savanoriu Ave. 231, LT-02300, Vilnius, Lithuania.; 2: Akoneer, Ltd, Mokslininku 6B, LT-08412, Vilnius, Lithuania.; 3: Laser Research Center, Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, Sauletekio Ave. 10, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania.

Experimental and modeling of thermal ablation effects on polymers at MHz femtosecond laser irradiation

Andrés Pérez Bernabeu¹, Daniel Puerto^1,2, José Reyna¹, Sergi Gallego^1,2, Andrés Márquez^1,2, Inmaculada Pascual^1,3, Augusto Beléndez^1,2

1: Dept. Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, Spain; 2: I. U. Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, Spain; 3: Dept. Óptica, Farmacología y Anatomía, Universidad de Alicante, Spain

Sensor-Based On-the-Fly Laser Processing

Georg Hoppe¹, Jale Schneider¹, Eduardo Alvarez¹, Jan Nekarda¹, Ralf Preu¹, Moritz Diehl², Fabian Meyer¹

1: Fraunhofer ISE; 2: IMTEK, Universität Freiburg

Innovative applications of acoustic monitoring in ultra-short pulse laser microprocessing

Joaquín Rivera-Sahún¹, Alejandro Frechilla¹, Can Özcelik¹, Elena Martínez¹, José R. Beltrán², Germán F. de la Fuente¹, M. Pilar Alonso³, Jonathan Fin⁴, Rémy Chapoulie⁴, Luis A Angurel¹

1: Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; 2: Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; 3: Área de Historia del Arte, Departamento de Historia, Geografía y Comunicación, Unidad Asociada de I+D+i al CSIC “VIMPAC”, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain; 4: Archéosciences Bordeaux UMR 6034, CNRS, University Bordeaux Montaigne, France

Study of Tangential Laser Micromachining Using Ultra-Short Pulses for Roughing Operations with Adaptive Path Control

Adam Cermak, Martin Novak, Pavel Zeman

Department of Production Machines and Equipment (RCMT), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technicka Street 4, 16000, Prague 6, Czech Republic

The Role of Ring Beam Shaping in Laser Powder Bed Fusion of Ti-6Al-4V components

Marida Pontrandolfi^1,2, Linda Squillaci^3,4, Jonas Olsson³, Giovanni Pappalettera⁵, Caterina Casavola⁵, Robert Pederson³, Antonio Ancona^1,2,3

1: Intercollegiate Department of Physics “M. Merlin”, University of Bari and Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy; 2: National Research Council (CNR), Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies (IFN), Bari, Italy; 3: Department of Engineering Science, University West, Trollhättan, 461 86, Sweden; 4: GKN Aerospace Sweden, SE-461 38, Trollhättan, Sweden; 5: Department of Mechanics, Mathematics and Management, Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy

Enhancing Build Rate in Laser Powder Bed Fusion with Optimized Laser Intensity Distribution

Mahmoud Ziat, Sacha Grelet, Adeline Orieux, Gwenn Pallier, Guillaume Labroille

Cailabs, France

Production of soft magnetic FeSi6.5 components using laser beam shaping at PBF-LB/M to avoid cracks without additional heating

David Kolb¹, Robin Wenger¹, Christian Schröter², Alex Kingsbury³, Harald Riegel¹

1: LaserApplicationCenter (LAZ), Aalen University, Beethovenstraße 1, 73430 Aalen, Germany; 2: Optoprim Germany GmbH, Einsteinstraße 12, 85716 Unterschleißheim, Germany; 3: nLIGHT, Inc., 4637 NW 18th Ave, 98607 Camas WA, United States of America

Laser powder bed fusion of rare-earth-based permanent magnets: Enhance Density and Coercivity

Nadine Stratmann¹, Philipp Gabriel¹, Priyatosh Sahoo², Anna Rosa Ziefuss¹, Konstantin Skokov², Oliver Gutfleisch², Stephan Barcikowski¹

1: Technical Chemistry I; University of Duisburg-Essen; Germany; 2: Functional Materials, Institute of Material Science; Technical University of Darmstadt; Germany

3D-Printed Metamaterial Structures for Electromagnetically Induced Transparency at THz Frequencies

Savvas Papamakarios¹, Odysseas Tsilipakos², Ioannis Katsantonis¹, Anastasios Koulouklidis¹, Maria Manousidaki¹, Gordon Zyla¹, Christina Daskalaki¹, Stelios Tzortzakis¹, Maria Kafesaki¹, Maria Farsari¹

1: FORTH/IESL, N. Plastira 100, 70013, Heraklion,Greece; 2: Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, GR-11635 Athens, Greece

Blue-Infrared hybrid laser welding technology for dissimilar metals between copper and stainless steel

Decai HUANG, Xuezhong WANG, Wei ZHANG, Yi GAN, Jian YANG

Guangdong Hall Laser Technology Co., Ltd.

Indirect Laser Welding: A Novel Approach for Aluminium-Copper Joints

John Erik Lagemann, Danka Labus Zlatanovic, Leander Schmidt, Majd Mustafa, Jean Pierre Bergmann

Technische Universität Ilmenau, Germany

Intermetallic Phase Formation in Copper-Aluminum Laser Welding: Indirect vs. Conventional Approaches

Majd Mustafa, Danka Labus Zlatanovic, Leander Schmidt, John Erik Lagemann, Jean Pierre Bergmann

Technische Universität Ilmenau, Production Technology Group, Gustav-Kirchhoff-Platz 2, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany

unidirectional laser beam welding of stainless steel and titanium

Thomas Krichel, Sebastian Limburg, Helge Schaper, Ralf Risters

RJ Lasertechnik GmbH, Germany

Cryogenic Hydrogen Tanks via Additive Manufacturing and Laser Beam Welding in Vacuum

Benjamin Gerhards, Benedikt Gerhards, Frederik Diersmann

LaVa-X GmbH, Germany

Laser beam welding of additive manufactured (L-PBF) aluminium AlSi7Mg0.6 and AlZn5.5MgCu: Welding process development and weld seam properties

Benjamin Keßler¹, Thomas Kairet², Olivier Rigo², Pierre Billy³, Petra Svarova³, Dirk Dittrich¹

1: Fraunhofer Institute for Material and Beam Technology IWS, Germany; 2: Sirris, Belgium; 3: CRM group, Belgium

Mode-cleaning, a passive stabilization of femto-second laser beams to enhance micro-processing

Dmitry Nuzhdin, Mahmoud Ziat, Gwenn Pallier, Guillaume Labroille

Cailabs, France

Higher efficiency of femtosecond laser processing using spatial beam engineering

Eric AUDOUARD¹, Marie FLEUREAU¹, Benoit MORIN¹, Amina ARAHOUNI², Jean Michel ROMANO², Frédéric MERMET²

1: Amplitude, France; 2: IREPA laser, Illkirch, FRANCE

Efficiency loss in ultrafast laser ablation due to spatial light modulator limitations in beam shaping

Bahia Najih^2,3, Martin Delaigue², Florent Bourquard³, Cyril Mauclair¹

1: Univ Angers, LPHIA, SFR MATRIX, F-49000 Angers, France; 2: Amplitude, Pessac, France; 3: Laboratoire Hubert Curien, UMR 5516 CNRS, Université Jean Monnet, Saint-Étienne, France

Hollow-core Fiber Beam Delivery of High-Power Ultrashort Pulses for Laser Micromachining

Paul Froemel, Sebastian Eilzer, Andreas Rudolf

PT Photonic Tools GmbH, Germany

Optimizing Dynamic Performance of Galvanometric Scanners through Advanced Trajectory Planning for Laser Material Processing

Pawel Garkusha, Michael F. Zaeh

Technical University of Munich, Germany

Integration of Galvanometer Scanners in ROS for Path Planning in Robot-Based Laser Material Processing

Jan-Niklas Schneider, Leon Gorissen, Thomas Kaster, Christian Hinke

Chair for Laser Technology - RWTH Aachen University, Germany

Improving Remanufacturing with Cobots: Sensor-Enhanced Path Planning for Automated Laser Cleaning

Thomas Kaster, Jan-Niklas Schneider, Leon Gorissen, Christian Hinke

Chair for Laser Technology - RWTH Aachen University, Germany

Automation of High-Power USPL Technology using In-situ Monitoring and Hollow-core Fiber Coupling

Adam Hicks¹, Jared Speltz²

1: US Air Force Research Laboratory, United States of America; 2: University of Dayton Research Institute

Beam shaping, process monitoring and AI - a perfect combination for robust and safe laser beam welding

Markus Kogel-Hollacher^1,2, Thomas Nicolay¹, Joachim Schwarz³, Gwenn Pallier⁴

1: Precitec Optronik GmbH; 2: Precitec GmbH & Co,KG; 3: Precitec Vision GmbH & Co. KG; 4: CAILABS

Systematic Characterization of Ring-Shaped Laser Beams

Johannes Rossnagel, Stefan Wolf, Reinhard Kramer, Ruben Hartwig, Nicholas Harrop

PRIMES GmbH, Germany

Elucidation of the Spatter Suppression Mechanism in Keyhole Welding of Steel Using a 16kW Disk Laser

Yuji SATO, Masahiro Tsukamoto

Joining and Welding Research Institute, Osaka University, Japan

Laser keyhole welding of dissimilar material combinations with complex intensity distributions

Manuel Marbach¹, Matthias Hoebel¹, Jean Pierre Bergmann²

1: Fachhochschule Nordwestschweiz FHNW, Switzerland; 2: Technische Universität Ilmenau

Enhancing Laser Welding Performance of 6082 Aluminum Alloys with BrightLine Technology and Bifocal Optics

Ecem Demir, Cemal Esen, Andreas Ostendorf

Ruhr Universität Bochum, Germany

Analysis of the influence of dynamic and static beam shaping on the melt flow and the melt pool geometry

Jonas Wagner, Peter Stritt, Alexander Ilin, Philipp Krüger, Reiner Ramsayer

Robert Bosch GmbH, Robert-Bosch-Campus 1, 71272 Renningen, Germany

Analysis of the dynamic behaviour of keyhole and melt pool geometry during laser beam welding with dynamic beam shaping at high frequencies

Robert Steinhoff¹, Michael Sawannia¹, Tobias Spieth¹, Jonas Wagner², Peter Stritt², Christian Hagenlocher¹, Thomas Graf¹

1: Institut für Strahlwerkzeuge (IFSW), University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 43, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; 2: Robert Bosch GmbH, Robert-Bosch-Campus 1, 71272 Renningen, Germany

Enhancing the laser weld seam quality with dynamic beam shaping and Bayesian optimization

Kim Glumann¹, Michael Sawannia¹, Michael Haas^1,2, Tobias Menold¹, Volkher Onuseit¹, Andreas Michalowski¹

1: University of Stuttgart, Institut für Strahlwerkzeuge (IFSW); 2: University of Stuttgart, Graduate School of Excellence advanced Manufacturing Engineering (GSaME)

Pump–Probe Imaging of GHz Surface Waves for Young’s Modulus Measurement

Ramon Auer¹, Ruben Burger^1,2, Goran Hallum¹, Dennis Schweiger¹, David Redka¹, Matthias Domke³, Datong Wu¹, Heinz Huber¹

1: University of applied science Munich, Germany; 2: Technical University of Munich, Germany; 3: Vorarlberg University of Applied Sciences, Austria

The role of material specific nanomorphology for formation of laser-induced-periodic-surface-structures

Nicolas Thorsten Thomae¹, David Sebastian Redka^1,2, Darshit Jangid³, Maximilian Spellauge¹, Constanze Eulenkamp¹, Christian Schwalb³, Ján Minár², Heinz Paul Huber¹

1: Munich University of Applied Sciences HM, Munich DE-80335, Germany; 2: New Technologies Research Center, University of West Bohemia, Plzen CZ-30100, Czech Republic; 3: Quantum Design Microscopy GmbH, Pfungstadt DE-64319, Germany

Time-Resolved Digital Holography for Understanding Surface Roughness Evolution in Laser Deep Engraving

Simas Butkus, Balys Momgaudis, Evaldas Kažukauskas

Vilnius University, Laser Research Center, Lithuania

Challenges in ultrashort pulse laser ablation: efficiency limits, ripple formation and incubation

Maximilian Spellauge^1,2, David Sebastian Redka^1,3, Nicolas Thomae¹, Ramon Auer¹, Julian Vollmann¹, Carlos Doñate-Buendia⁵, Bilal Gökce⁴, Stephan Barcikowski², Daniel Förster¹, Heinz Paul Huber^1,3

1: Munich University of Applied Sciences, Germany; 2: University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; 3: University of West Bohemia, Czech Republic; 4: University of Wuppertal, Germany; 5: University Jaume I, Spain

Ultrashort Pulse Laser-Assisted Sample Preparation for High-Resolution X-Ray Microscopy

Hardik Vaghasiya, Murilo Izodoro Santos, Paul-Tiberiu Miclea

Fraunhofer Center for silicon photovoltaics, Germany

OCT for Controlled and Precise Robotic Arc Welding and Tactile Laser Welding and Brazing

Nataliya Deyneka Dupriez

Lessmüller Lasertechnik GmbH, Germany

Adaptive laser beam shaping with a deformable mirror for gap bridging in autogenous butt joint welding

Yongcui Mi¹, Fredrik Sikström¹, Morgan Nilsen¹, Stefano Bonora², Antonio Ancona^1,2,3

1: Department of Engineering Science, University West, Sweden; 2: Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies, Italy; 3: Physics Department, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Italy

Automated rewelding processes based on inline detection of process anomalies during laser deep penetration welding

Andreas Krämer¹, Timon Ahlers¹, Ronald Pordzik¹, Tim Radel^1,2

1: BIAS - Bremer Institut für angewandte Strahltechnik GmbH, Klagenfurter Straße 5, 28359 Bremen, Germany; 2: MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, Postfach 330 440, 28334 Bremen, Germany

Novel development of real-time capable data infrastructure for inline process observa-tion of 2D beam oscillation copper welding

Dirk Dittrich¹, Axel Jahn¹, Linda Ullmann¹, Frank Sonntag¹, Andreas Wetzig¹, Joshua Giltinan², Jeno Szep²

1: Fraunhofer Institute for Materials- and Beam Technology, Germany; 2: Fraunhofer USA Center Mid-Atlantic, USA

Influence of the beam diameter on the resistance of laser guards to green laser radiation

Matthias List¹, Uqba Aftab Alam², Rico Bühring¹, Moritz Beck², Hans-Joachim Krauß¹

1: Bayerisches Laserzentrum GmbH, Germany; 2: Laservision GmbH & Co. KG, Germany

Definition of requirements for robust seam-tracking in robotic laser welding applications

Matteo Moscatelli¹, Serge Dib², Cristiano Raffaldi³, Mara Tanelli¹, Ali Gökhan Demir²

1: Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Via Ponzio 34/5, 20133 Milan, Italy; 2: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Via La Masa 1, 20156 Milan, Italy; 3: BLM Group - Adige S.p.A, Via per Barco 11, 38056 Levico Terme, Italy