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Please note that all times are shown in the time zone of the conference. The current conference time is: 1st May 2025, 09:56:01am America, Fortaleza

 
 
Session Overview
Session
A1 SES 01.3: Processes of (de)colonization: childhood and different knowledges
Time:
Monday, 19/Aug/2024:
9:00am - 10:30am

Session Chair: Klaus Dittrich, The Education University of Hong Kong
Location: Auditório 1, NEPSA 2, 1st Floor

NEPSA 2

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Presentations

Title Case Emergency of Children Studies in the Context of the Chilean Pedagogical Mission to the United States in 1904

Emergencia de Los Estudios de la Niñez en el Contexto de la Misión Pedagógica Chilena a Estados Unidos en 1904

Salomón Patricio Ormeño Polo

Universidad de Valparaíso, Chile

Abstract (in English)

In 1904, the State of Chile sent a pedagogical mission composed of four normalistas (Margarita Escobedo, María Cáceres, Darío Salas and Luis Flores Fernández) to study the United States education system in the city of New York. With this process, an international transfer of knowledge was configured framed in a relationship between the global north and south, where the State of Chile conferred on the United States the function of civilizational model, displacing the predominant Germanic hegemony until the end of the 19th century. Thus, in the attempt to decolonize the educational system of German influence, a new form of coloniality of knowledge emerged, this time under American influence and justified under the motto "American education for the Chilean child", where schools appeared as a device key in the construction of the modern Nation-State in Chile. In the context of this study trip, the Chilean normalistas encountered the emergence of a new field of study in the United States and the global north, namely, childhoods as a subject of study. This new domain and its aspects, formed under the eaves of modernity, significantly interested Luis Flores Fernández, whom the State had entrusted to study “the methods and organization of primary education” in the United States. Following the state mandate, then, he used part of his stay in North America to delve deeper into this emerging field and its possible extension to educational systems. In his investigations, the Chilean pedagogue arrived at the Seguin Physiological School, where he focused his work on what he called “the education of abnormal children” and its potential applied to the construction of national education in Chile. Consequently, in this paper we want to present a decolonial analysis prepared from three travel memories recovered from the archive of the National Library of Chile, related to the emergence of childhood as a topic of study, among which the efforts of Luis Flores Fernández for advancing new inclusive educational strategies for youth. We work on this reflection based on three axes: 1) the main propositions of the normalistas regarding the study of childhood; 2) the reception by normalistas of a scientific field conceived from and in the global north; and 3) the possible tensions of applying knowledge whose episteme fundamentally comes from the United States, a country that is not necessarily consistent with the living conditions of children in the south of the continent as a peripheral region crossed by coloniality. Our purpose is twofold; on the one hand, to approach the study of childhoods at the time from the perspective of the other child of our continent, namely, those marked by vagrancy, rurality, indigeneity or misery at the beginning of the 20th century; on the other, to discuss whether this transfer of knowledge about the study of children configured a new form of cultural and educational dependence, this time not of a German nature, but of an American one.

Abstract (in Language of Presentation)

En 1904 el Estado de Chile envió una misión pedagógica compuesta por cuatro normalistas (Margarita Escobedo, María Cáceres, Darío Salas y Luis Flores Fernández) a estudiar el sistema de educación de Estados Unidos en la ciudad de New York y sus alrededores. Con este proceso se configuró una transferencia internacional de conocimientos enmarcada en una relación entre el norte y el sur global, donde el Estado de Chile confirió a Estados Unidos la función de modelo civilizatorio, desplazando la hegemonía germánica predominante hasta fines del siglo XIX .Así, en el intento de decolonizar el sistema educativo de la influencia alemana, surgió una nueva forma de colonialidad del conocimiento, esta vez bajo la influencia estadounidense y justificada bajo el lema "educación americana para el niño chileno", dónde las escuelas aparecieron como dispositivo clave en la construcción del Estado-Nación moderno en Chile. En el contexto de este viaje de estudios, los normalistas chilenos se encontraron con la emergencia de un nuevo campo de estudio en Estados Unidos y el norte global, a saber, las infancias como sujeto de estudio. Este nuevo dominio y sus vertientes, formado al alero de la modernidad, interesó significativamente a Luis Flores Fernández, a quien el Estado había encomendado estudiar “los métodos y la organización de la instrucción primaria” en los Estados Unidos. Siguiendo el mandato estatal, entonces, utilizó parte de su estadía en Norteamérica para profundizar en este campo emergente y su posible extensión a los sistemas educativos. En sus indagaciones, el pedagogo chileno arribó a la Seguin Physiological School, donde centró su trabajo en lo que denominó “la educación de los niños anormales” y su potencial aplicado para la construcción de la educación nacional en Chile. En consecuencia, en esta ponencia queremos presentar un análisis en clave decolonial elaborado partir de tres memorias de viaje recuperadas del archivo de la Biblioteca Nacional de Chile, relacionadas con la emergencia de la infancia como tópico de estudio, entre las que se incluyen los esfuerzos de Luis Flores Fernández por avanzar en nuevas estrategias educativas de carácter inclusivo para con la juventud. Trabajamos esta reflexión a partir de tres ejes: 1) las principales proposiciones de los normalistas sobre el estudio de las infancias; 2) la recepción por los normalistas de un campo científico pensado desde y en el norte global; y 3) las posibles tensiones por aplicar un saber cuya episteme proviene fundamentalmente de Estados Unidos, país que no se condice necesariamente con las condiciones de vida de las infancias en el sur del continente en tanto región periférica cruzada por la colonialidad. Nuestro propósito es doble; por un lado, abordar el estudio de las infancias en la época desde la mirada del niño otro de nuestro continente, a saber, aquellos signados por el vagabundaje, la ruralidad, la indigeneidad o la miseria de inicios del siglo XX; por el otro, discutir si esta transferencia de conocimientos sobre el estudio del niño configuró una nueva forma de dependencia cultural y educativa, esta vez no de signo alemán, sino estadounidense.



Revisiting the Educationalisation of Japan: The Confrontation of Three Languages of Education, 1868-1890

Os Três Linguagens Educativos Norte-atlânticos e a Educacionalização do Japão, 1868-1890

Klaus Dittrich

The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R. (China)

Abstract (in English)

The period from the Meiji Restoration in 1868 to the Imperial Rescript on Education in 1890 saw the progressive institutionalisation of a modern education system in Japan. Still, these roughly twenty years saw important shifts in policy directions. Scholars have figured out turns from “Japanese” to “Western” models and back, the domination of “French”, “American” and “German” reference societies, often in relation to “liberal” or “conservative” approaches. Although not devoid of a certain validity, this paper proposes to go beyond these often simplifying ascriptions. It will be argued that early Meiji Japan saw the confrontation of three different “languages of education” (Daniel Tröhler), that is dominant ways of thinking about education. The first language of education was based on American congregationalist republicanism and was brought to Japan through vice-minister of education Tanaka Fujimaro’s contact with the American “common school crusaders”. The second language of education championed efficiency and centralised control, epitomised by the Presbyterian American advisor to the ministry of education David Murray. The third language of education is the inward-looking Lutheran German idea of Bildung that came to Japan when minister of education Mori Arinori invited the German Emil Hausknecht to become the first professor of pedagogy at Tokyo Imperial University. While they originated from different Euro-American contexts and were imbued with religious and nationalist meanings, the Japanese blended these languages of education into a new unique model, signifying the first successful case of educationalisation beyond Christian contexts.

Abstract (in Language of Presentation)

[I would like to ask the reviewer to forgive my bad Portuguese language. But I think that the multilingualism of ISCHE is very precious. It should not only be proclaimed in theory, but lived in practice. That is why I decided to present in Portuguese at ISCHE 45.]

O período desde a Restauração Meiji em 1868 até o Rescrito Imperial sobre Educação em 1890 viu a institucionalização de um sistema educacional moderno no Japão. Nestas duas décadas assistimos a mudanças importantes nas orientações das políticas educativas. Os historiadores da educação japonesa descobriram as mudanças dos modelos “japoneses” para os “ocidentais” e vice-versa, a dominação das sociedades de referência “francesas”, “americanas” e “alemãs”, muitas vezes em relação a abordagens “liberais” ou “conservadoras”. Para entender diferentemente a educacionalização do Japão, este trabalho propõe ir além dessas atribuições simplificadoras. Argumentar-se-á que no início da era Meiji o Japão viu o confronto de três diferentes “linguagens educativos” (Daniel Tröhler), ou seja, formas dominantes de pensar sobre a educação. O primeiro linguagem educativo foi baseada no republicanismo congregacionalista americano e foi trazida para o Japão através do contato do vice-ministro da educação Tanaka Fujimaro com os “common school crusaders” americanos. O segundo linguagem educativo defendia a eficiência e o controlo centralizado, sintetizados pelo conselheiro americano do ministério da educação japonesa, David Murray. A terceira língua da educação é a ideia luterana alemã de Bildung que chegou ao Japão quando o ministro da educação Mori Arinori convidou o alemão Emil Hausknecht para se tornar o primeiro professor de pedagogia na Universidade Imperial de Tóquio. Estos linguagens educativos tenham origem em diferentes contextos euro-americanos e estejam imbuídos de significados religiosos e nacionalistas. Os japoneses fundiram estos linguagens educativos num novo modelo, significando o primeiro caso de institucionalização de educação de massa para além dos contextos cristãos.



The New School Discourse and Teachers Knowledge: Colonizations and Resistance

O Discurso da Escola Nova e os Saberes Docentes: Colonizações e Resistências

Lara Chaud Palacios Marin

Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil

Abstract (in English)

This research study reflects on the relations of knowledge and power between the teacher's work and the pedagogical discourse. In the beginning of the 20th century, there was a direct relation between children's development, the nation’s progress and the teachers’ work: for students to be educated for a socially-desired future, it was expected that teachers should have a certain training to be able to work properly with their students. At that time, the New School movement had become significant and guided the true knowledge about teacher training, legitimized by scientific knowledge, specifically Developmental Psychology, whose ideas would reformulate teacher courses. Despite teachers having received that kind of education in courses and theoretically aligned with the values of the New School, one wonders if their craft practice was based on the scientific truths considered ideal at that time. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to characterize the New School discourse about teachers’ work and teachers’ discourse about their own pedagogical practice, while comparing each other. Hence, this research uses studies about the New School movement, teachers’ professional knowledge and the pedagogical discourse. Using Foucault’s discourse analysis as a perspective, this paper explores two representative materials of the New School and the teacher’s work in the 20th century. The first material is the book A New School in Belgium (Une École Nouvelle en Belgique), by Faria de Vasconcellos (2015 [1915]), in which the Portuguese author describes his experience as a director of one of the most prominent schools in the New School movement in the beginning of the 20th century. The second material is the book A life in teaching (Uma vida no magistério), by Botyra Camorim (1962), in which the Brazilian elementary school teacher describes her daily school teaching life in public rural schools in the countryside of São Paulo between the years of 1933 and 1959. Through the analysis of the statements found in these materials, the paper investigates the similarities and differences between the discourses, in order to understand not only the educational projections for the teaching profession, but also the teacher’s practice. The study points out that although the New School discourse had guided the necessary knowledge to teacher training in an imperative way, teachers’ work had shown resistance to those supposed truths, regardless of their theoretical alignment to the New School values. Therefore, this research contributes to the characterization of supposed truths in teacher training, one considered more efficient for human development. In addition, the paper ponders over teachers’ supposed lack of reflection upon their own practice and the devaluation of their knowledge in the pedagogical discourse. This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001 - for the Doctoral Exchange Program, and had the support of CNPq, National Council for Scientific and Technological Development - Brazil - for the PhD in Education.

Abstract (in Language of Presentation)

Este trabalho trata das relações de saber e poder envolvidas entre a atuação docente e o discurso pedagógico. No início do século XX, estabeleceu-se uma relação direta entre o desenvolvimento da criança, o progresso da nação e a atuação dos professores: para que os alunos fossem educados para um futuro desejado socialmente, era esperado que os docentes tivessem determinada formação, pois só assim poderiam atuar de forma acertada com as crianças e os jovens. Nesse período, o movimento da Escola Nova tornou-se expressivo e pautou o dizer verdadeiro sobre a formação docente, que deveria ser amparada no saber científico, mais especificamente o da psicologia do desenvolvimento, reformulando os cursos de magistério. No entanto, apesar de as professoras terem recebido tal formação nos cursos normais alinhando-se teoricamente a esses princípios, pode-se perguntar se a prática docente amparada nos hábitos artesanais do professor condizia com as verdades científicas propostas como formação ideal naquele momento. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho torna-se caracterizar e comparar o discurso da Escola Nova sobre a atuação docente com o discurso dos professores sobre a sua prática pedagógica. Para isso, a pesquisa mobiliza estudos sobre o movimento da Escola Nova, os saberes profissionais dos professores e o discurso pedagógico. Sob a perspectiva da análise do discurso foucaultiana, o trabalho investiga dois materiais representativos da Escola Nova e da atuação docente no período tratado. O primeiro é o livro Uma escola nova na Bélgica, de Faria de Vasconcellos (2015 [1915]), em que o autor português descreve a sua experiência como diretor de uma das escolas mais proeminentes do movimento escolanovista no início do século XX. O segundo é o livro Uma vida no magistério, de Botyra Camorim (1962), em que a professora brasileira do ensino primário retrata o seu cotidiano escolar em escolas públicas rurais do interior paulista entre os anos 1933 e 1959. Por meio da análise da superfície dos enunciados presentes nesses materiais, o trabalho investiga as semelhanças e as diferenças entre os discursos, de modo a compreender as projeções formativas para a profissão docente, por um lado, e a prática das professoras, por outro. Como resultado, a pesquisa aponta que o discurso da Escola Nova pautou os saberes necessários para a formação de professores de forma imperativa, porém a prática docente demonstrou resistência a essas supostas verdades, apesar do alinhamento teórico dos professores em relação aos valores escolanovistas. Com isso, o estudo contribui para a caracterização das supostas verdades sobre a formação de professores considerada mais eficaz para o desenvolvimento humano. Além disso, pondera sobre a suposta falta de reflexão dos professores sobre a sua própria prática e a desvalorização dos saberes docentes no discurso pedagógico. O presente trabalho foi realizado com apoio da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Código de Financiamento 001 - para o Programa de Doutorado Sanduíche No Exterior (PDSE) e com apoio do CNPq, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - Brasil -, para o Doutorado em Educação.



 
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