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Session Overview
Session
A2 SES 02.1: Diversity and (de)coloniality: gender, teaching and school projects
Time:
Monday, 19/Aug/2024:
11:00am - 12:30pm

Session Chair: Macioniro Celeste Filho, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - UNESP
Location: Auditório 2, NEPSA 2, 1st Floor

NEPSA 2

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Presentations

Brazilian Rural Schools and Indigenous Education: Report by Lourenço Filho for the OAS in the Early 1960s

As Escolas Rurais Brasileiras e a Educação Indígena: Relatório de Lourenço Filho Para a OEA no Início Dos Anos 1960

Macioniro Celeste Filho

Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - UNESP, Brazil

Abstract (in English)

Lourenço Filho was one of the most important intellectuals to influence the direction of Brazilian education in the 20th century. In the 1950s and 1960s, working in international organizations such as the Organization of American States (OAS), he analyzed the trajectory of rural education in the Americas, focusing on the role that such educational action had on indigenous populations in Latin America. In 1962, Lourenço Filho wrote a study for the OAS on rural education aimed mainly at indigenous people and their descendants, which was not published in Brazil. The purpose of the current work is to present what this intellectual discussed about education in rural Brazil, with a prominent indigenous population, in this text sent to the OAS. The methodology used was documentary analysis of Lourenço Filho's text. The objective is to present this author's unprecedented contribution in Brazilian publications when dealing with rural and indigenous education in the early 1960s. Lourenço Filho had good circulation in organizations linked to the OAS based in Mexico, as in the 1950s he was the Brazilian representative on its Inter-American Cultural Council. He possibly intended that some official document from the OAS, resulting from his initiative, would influence the formulation of public policies on rural education in Brazil during the troubled period of the João Goulart government's proposals for basic reforms. These educational policies to be implemented would greatly affect the education of Brazilian indigenous populations during the period. The formulation of such a document ended up occurring through Resolution V of the Third Meeting of the Inter-American Cultural Council, in August 1963. When analyzing successful experiences of rural and indigenous education, the author divided such experiences of rural education into three groups. The first was experiences that sought to extend educational services or improve their quality. The second group included experiences aimed at valuing the school in cultural extension work. The third group was experiences that sought to influence the organization of rural and indigenous communities, which aimed to integrate rural education services with other State services. According to the author, there were two serious gaps in Brazilian actions regarding rural education: the lack of teaching material programs in authochtonous languages, that is, teaching material in indigenous languages; and, especially, the lack of articulation between single-master schools and central schools, forming possible peasant school groups. Lourenço Filho concluded the analysis of the experiences of the first group of his study, those that had sought the greatest extension of educational services or the improvement of their quality, placing emphasis on these two rural educational experiences. He mainly highlighted the solidity of central school projects articulating single-master schools and also the so-called campesino school nuclei in countries such as Mexico, Bolivia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Peru, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama. Such experiences would guide proposals for rural and indigenous education to be formulated in Brazil in the mid-1960s. This work will present a synthesis of the analysis of this important educator on this topic.

Abstract (in Language of Presentation)

Lourenço Filho foi um dos mais importantes intelectuais a influenciar os rumos da educação brasileira no século XX. Nas décadas de 1950 e 1960, atuando em organismos internacionais como a Organização dos Estados Americanos (OEA), ele analisou a trajetória da educação rural nas Américas, privilegiando o papel que tal ação educativa tinha sobre as populações indígenas na América Latina. Em 1962, Lourenço Filho escreveu um estudo para a OEA sobre a educação rural destinada principalmente aos indígenas e seus descendentes, que não foi publicado no Brasil. É propósito do atual trabalho apresentar o que este intelectual abordou da educação no meio rural brasileiro, com destacada população indígena, neste texto enviado à OEA. A metodologia utilizada foi a de análise documental sobre o texto de Lourenço Filho. Tem-se por objetivo apresentar a contribuição inédita em publicações brasileiras deste autor ao tratar a educação rural e indígena no início da década de 1960. Lourenço Filho tinha bom trânsito nos organismos vinculados à OEA com sede no México, pois na década de 1950 fora o representante brasileiro em seu Conselho Interamericano Cultural. Ele pretendia possivelmente que algum documento oficial da OEA, resultante desta sua iniciativa, influísse na formulação das políticas públicas sobre educação rural no Brasil no conturbado período das propostas de reformas de base do governo João Goulart. Essas políticas educacionais a serem implantadas afetariam sobremaneira a educação das populações indígenas brasileiras no período. A formulação de tal documento acabou ocorrendo através da Resolução V da Terceira Reunião do Conselho Interamericano Cultural, de agosto de 1963. Ao analisar experiências bem-sucedidas de educação rural e indígena, o autor dividiu tais experiências de educação rural em três grupos. O primeiro era o das experiências que tivessem buscado a maior extensão dos serviços educativos ou a melhoria de sua qualidade. No segundo grupo constavam as experiências tendentes a valorizar a escola num trabalho de extensão cultural. O terceiro grupo era o de experiências que procuraram influir na organização das comunidades rurais e indígenas, que visaram integrar os serviços de educação rural com outros serviços do Estado. Segundo o autor, havia duas graves lacunas nas ações brasileiras quanto à educação rural: inexistência de programas de material de ensino em línguas autóctones, isto é, material didático em línguas indígenas; e, especialmente, a ausência de articulação das escolas de um só mestre com escolas centrais, compondo possíveis núcleos escolares campesinos. Lourenço Filho encerrou a análise das experiências do primeiro grupo de seu estudo, as que tivessem buscado a maior extensão dos serviços educativos ou a melhoria de sua qualidade, dando ênfase a estas duas experiências educacionais rurais. Destacou principalmente a solidez de projetos de escolas centrais a articular escolas de um só mestre e também os denominados núcleos escolares campesinos em países como México, Bolívia, Equador, Guatemala, Peru, Honduras, Nicarágua e Panamá. Tais experiências balizariam propostas de educação rural e indígena a serem formuladas no Brasil em meados da década de 1960. Este trabalho apresentará uma síntese da análise deste importante educador sobre tal temática.



“The male teacher is a man”. Masculinities in the Uruguayan Teaching Profession during the 1910s

“El Maestro Es Un Hombre”. Masculinidades En El Magisterio Uruguayo Durante La Década De 1910

Trinidad Iralde

Universidad de la República, Uruguay

Abstract (in English)

During the 1910s, the Uruguayan teaching union scene saw the emergence of the National Teachers' Center (1916-1920), a union made up exclusively of men in the context of a 90% feminized teaching group. Starting with the question: why an exclusively male union? We will rehearse some possible answers that emerge from the reading of Rodó (1918-1919), the journal published by that union. There, teachers denounced having been excluded from working in rural areas because of the authorities' preference for female teachers. That conflict led them to confront their female colleagues. In other cases, the male identity of the union was related to the type of arguments used to pursue claims that, although did not respond to exclusively male problems, were addressed as men's issues. On some occasions, the union chose to emphasize certain features of the teaching profession that would allow us to question the consensus among male teachers about the interpretation of teaching as an intrinsically feminine task. Finally, the journal of the National Teachers' Center also "fabricated" masculinities (Badinter, 1992) through a column in which were given suggestions aimed at the moral formation of men. There are not much studies in history of education that have addressed masculinities as an object of study (Brice, 2001; Ní Bhroiméil, 2005; Sonlleva-Velasco & Sanz-Simón, 2022). However, the relationship between masculinity and teaching that compose the subject of this paper could be in dialogue with studies about the feminization of the profession (Cortina & San Román, 2006; Fiorucci et al., 2022) that allude to the distancing of males from primary teaching between the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The study around the National Teachers' Center has allowed us to identify the spaces and roles available and restricted for male teachers within public primary education, both in urban and rural areas, and also beyond the schools, in unions. In turn, we have been able to identify which aspects of the work of teaching were in tension -and which were not- regarding the "hegemonic masculinity" (Connell, 2003) legitimized in Uruguay during the first decades of the twentieth century (Cuadro, 2023). In addition, the relational nature of gender as an analytical category (Scott, 2008) has led us to recognize the spaces and roles that were inhabited by female teachers without losing sight of their relationship with the attributes associated with the normative femininity of the time. Although in this paper we will focus mainly on the study of the Centro Nacional de Maestros, with the purpose of rehearse some more general explanations that allow us to understand the relationship between masculinity and teaching, we will also add other voices to the analysis. We will pay attention to the discourses produced by other mixed union entities and also to the authorities of the General Directorate of Public Instruction.

Abstract (in Language of Presentation)

Durante la década de 1910, la escena gremial del magisterio uruguayo vio nacer al Centro Nacional de Maestros (1916-1920), un gremio conformado exclusivamente por varones en el contexto de un cuerpo docente feminizado en un 90%. Frente a la pregunta: ¿por qué un gremio exclusivamente masculino? Ensayaremos algunas posibles respuestas que se desprenden de la lectura de “Rodó” (1918-1919), el órgano de prensa publicado por aquel gremio. Allí, los maestros denunciaron haber sido excluidos del trabajo en el ámbito rural a causa de la preferencia de las autoridades por las maestras, conflicto que los llevó a enfrentarse a sus colegas mujeres. En otros casos, la identidad masculina del gremio tuvo que ver con el tipo de argumentos que se emplearon para llevar adelante reclamos que si bien no respondieron a cuestiones exclusivamente masculinas sí fueron abordadas como asuntos de varones. En algunas ocasiones, el gremio optó por enfatizar ciertos rasgos de la profesión que incluso permitirían cuestionar el consenso que tuvo entre los maestros la interpretación del trabajo de enseñar como una tarea intrínsecamente femenina. Por último, el órgano de prensa del Centro Nacional de Maestros también operó “fabricando” sentido sobre las masculinidades (Badinter, 1992) mediante una columna dedicada a dar sugerencias orientadas a la formación moral de los varones. Son relativamente escasas las investigaciones vinculadas a la historia de la educación que han abordado como objeto de estudio a las masculinidades (Brice, 2001; Ní Bhroiméil, 2005; Sonlleva-Velasco & Sanz-Simón, 2022). No obstante, la relación entre masculinidad y magisterio sobre la que se interroga esta ponencia podría dialogar con los estudios sobre feminización del magisterio (Cortina & San Román, 2006; Fiorucci et al., 2022) en los que se alude al distanciamiento de los varones de la enseñanza primaria entre los siglos XIX y XX. El estudio del órgano de prensa del Centro Nacional de Maestros nos ha permitido identificar los espacios y roles disponibles y restringidos para el magisterio masculino dentro de la enseñanza primaria pública, tanto en el ámbito urbano como en el rural, y también más allá de las escuelas, en los gremios. A su vez, hemos podido identificar qué aspectos del trabajo de enseñar estuvieron en tensión -y cuáles no- respecto de la “masculinidad hegemónica” (Connell, 2003) legitimada en Uruguay durante las primeras décadas del siglo XX (Cuadro, 2023). Asimismo, el carácter relacional del género como categoría analítica (Scott, 2008) nos ha llevado a reconocer los espacios y roles que fueron habitados por las maestras en el ámbito magisterial y en el gremial sin perder de vista su relación con los atributos asociados a la feminidad normativa de la época. Si bien en la ponencia nos detendremos centralmente en el estudio del Centro Nacional de Maestros, con el propósito de ensayar algunas explicaciones más generales que permitan comprender las relaciones entre masculinidad y magisterio, también sumaremos al análisis otras voces. Atenderemos a los discursos producidos por otras entidades gremiales de carácter mixto y también a los emanados por las autoridades de la Dirección General de Instrucción Pública.



 
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