In my paper, I attempt to analyze the situation of the music theory in Central Europe, mostly in the Czech republic. In my research, I was observing and comparing various approaches to music theory, while focusing on the aspects which have undergone the biggest development in the last decades. To systematize these developments, I devided my observations of what have an impact on the music theory into three cathegories, or rather areas: cultural context, music research and musical (mostly compositional) praxis. From these areas, many challenges to which music theory should respond are emerging. Some of these challenges (mostly those connected with praxis, such as the plurality of the compositional approaches and styles) might be shared across the countries and institutions. Neverhetless, other challenges are more specific and might be determined by the environment (culturally, socially, historically, etc.). With this paper, I am introducing some of the challenges, which I found to be specific to Czech republic or for the Central European countries. I am comparing the experiences of the theorists in these countries with other discourses, mostly with the American one. The goal of the paper is to stress the plurality of the contemporary music theory.