In geography, the emphasis is on the close relationship between physical and social geography, and the integrative approach has long been accepted in education and research but is hardly used. In geography, it would be useful to fill this gap because, for example, more and more questions about hazards and vulnerability are becoming important, for which complex explanations from the disciplines involved may be necessary. However, research is stalled by the lack of convincing integrative theories, methods and practical applications. While the need for a complex, integrative approach to geographic, professional issues is increasingly justified, the physical and social geographic disciplines are moving away from each other. Although the basic concept of geography makes it appropriate to provide an integrative response to complex questions (although the definition of this is not fixed), the paper stresses the importance of linking the two disciplines and the fact that geography is also capable of providing a complex approach. On the other hand, it presents several issues that require complex analysis and several methods for tackling them that are known in other disciplines.

The landscape reflects the interplay between natural and human factors and serves as an archive of material and cultural activities throughout history. This complex interplay has led to changes in the natural environment that can be examined from different perspectives (historical, economic, ecological and others). All these perspectives are interlinked and influence each other, which ultimately constitutes the cultural landscape. This study focuses on the historical environment of the Dalmatian marshes, located in the karst poljes, as a key element of the relationship between humans and the environment. The aim of the study is to provide a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the spatial dynamics and degradation of the Dalmatian marshes in the 19th and early 20th century using selected examples.

The historical environment and the areas of the selected marshes were reconstructed using georeferenced maps from the military surveys of the Habsburg Monarchy, which were processed with GIS software. The marshes and the driving forces behind their transformation were characterized using data from archival materials such as cadastral plans from the Venetian and Austrian periods and reports on drainage projects. The current extent of the marshes was derived from PlanetScope satellite imagery and compared with their historical extent. The spatial and demographic factors influencing malaria-related mortality are examined in greater detail in this study for a specific area - Bokanjac Blato in northern Dalmatia - through parish death registers (1825–1887).

The preliminary results indicate significant changes in the Dalmatian marshes, during the observed period, marked by a considerable reduction in their surface area. The study shows that this change was caused by both natural processes and anthropogenic factors such as land use change, drainage of wetlands and malaria control measures. The results related to malaria show a clear spatial pattern in the distribution of the disease, with higher mortality rates observed in settlements near marshes, such as Bokanjac, and significantly lower rates in areas farther away. This study improves the understanding of the spatial distribution and changes of marshes in Dalmatia with a focus on the spatial patterns of malaria distribution in Bokanjačko blato in the 19th and early 20th century.

Pluvial flooding can be also characterized as surface water flooding. It occurs after a very intense rainfall, which causes that the capacity of surfaces is overwhelmed and cannot effectively absorb or drain away the high amounts of water. Pluvial flooding thus happens outside of the watercourse itself. This study aims at mapping and assessing the pluvial flood potential at both the catchment scale and the municipal scale using relevant pluvial flood potential indicators and geographic information systems (GIS). The catchment scale was represented by the Gidra catchment (western Slovakia) while the municipal scale comprised of twelve municipalities from the studied catchment, which urban area falls completely or partially within the studied catchment and can be highly affected by a pluvial flood event. In order to calculate the pluvial flood potential index (PFPI), we processed the following indicators at catchment scale: lithology, curvature, topographic wetness index, soil texture, land use/land cover, and normalized difference vegetation index. As part of the municipal-scale assessment, we classified the indicators into classes or intervals and determined the importance of each class. Then, we calculated the proportion of each class of the indicators on the extent of the studied municipality. After that, the proportion of the class was multiplied with the corresponding weight, which was estimated based on the rank sum method. The weighted classes of each indicator were summed to have one quantitative value for each indicator per municipality and this value was then normalized using the maximum method. The resulting PFPI was calculated as the summation of equally weighted indicators. The highest values of the PFPI were recorded in the municipalities of Cífer, Slovenská Nová Ves, Voderady, and Abrahám, which are located in central and lower part of the catchment. We also compared the resulting PFPI with previous pluvial flood events in the studied municipalities. Acknowledgment: Funded by the EU NextGenerationEU through the Recovery and Resilience Plan for Slovakia under the project No. 09I03-03-V03-00085.

Sarajevo Canton faces several environmental challenges, with air pollution ranking as one of the most significant issues affecting both human health and ecological diversity. This study adopts an integrative geographical approach to analyze the spatial distribution of air pollution and assess the role of bioindicators in understanding its environmental and socio-economic impacts. By integrating physical geography methods, such as air quality monitoring and bioindicator surveys, with human geography perspectives, including socio-economic vulnerability mapping, this research seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of the harmful human impact on air pollution, which ultimately reduces quality of life.

Air quality data were collected from monitoring stations across Sarajevo Canton, focusing on key pollutants, PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 and sulphur dioxide (SO₂). Simultaneously, bioindicators (mosses and lichen) were used to evaluate the biological effects of pollution, as well as the metal contamination. These environmental data were integrated with socio-economic indicators (population density, income levels, number of registered cars, and healthcare access), to map exposure and vulnerability across different municipalities.

Results reveal significant spatial disparities in pollution levels, with urban areas exhibiting higher concentrations of pollutants and reduced bioindicator diversity. Bioindicators proved valuable in identifying pollution hotspots and ecological stress zones, underscoring their utility in monitoring and managing urban environmental health. Mapped areas identify regions with the highest pollution levels, emphasizing significant health risks for residents. In contrast, there is a clear trend of constructing high-cost residential buildings in hilly areas above the inversion layer, where air pollution is minimal.

These findings provide actionable insights for policymakers, including the identification of priority areas for intervention and the development of targeted strategies to reduce air pollution and mitigate its health impacts. By situating the study within Sarajevo Canton, this research contributes to the broader discourse on human-environment relations and underscores the importance of localized, interdisciplinary approaches to sustainability and resilience.