Conference Agenda

This presentation introduces NATO Standardisation as a concept, explaining how alliance standards related to E3 fit ‘hand in glove’ with both civilian standards and national military procedures. It gives an overview of the groups involved in NATO E3 standards and the key references, with a view to important future NATO E3 standard updates.

This presentation aims to give a detailed overview of NATO AECTP 250 and AECTP 500. AECTP 250 (Electrical and Electromagnetic Environmental Conditions) contains all of the E3 environments that NATO materiel is required to be assessed against. This includes wide ranging environments from ‘traditional’ EMC considerations to high powered RF directed energy sources. AECTP 500 (Electromagnetic Environmental Effects Tests and Verification) contains the test methods NATO nations use to assess robustness of systems against the environments given in AECTP-250.

One of the detailed test requirements of the AECTP 500 concerns the test and verification procedure for land platforms and systems. This tutorial presentation discusses the general requirements and measurement setups using examples of military vehicles.

To ensure the performance of radio communication systems in military operations, the platform interference level needs to be regulated. To address this issue, there exits military electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) standards. In this work, the NATO emission standard NRE04S for platform interference is examined and compared to an alternative level. The analysis is performed for the frequency bands 30-88 MHz and 225-512 MHz with typical radio parameters of a military tactical radio system in different kinds of electromagnetic environments.

For high-speed interfaces, 3D modeling of devices is increasingly necessary to analyze signal integrity (SI) performance. This presentation will cover 3D modeling of high-speed packages for ESD devices and EMI filters, along with post-processing techniques for SI analysis.

To optimize system against ESD, SEED modelling and simulation approach will be introduced first. The non-linear turn-on characteristic of ESD protection components with snapback will be modeled applying specific behavioral dynamic models. Finally, different optimization scenarios including ESD protection device and layout parameters, as also impact of PCB parasitics and placement strategies will be discussed.

Building upon the foundation of the component modeling presented at the beginning of the workshop, we perform system level simulation of realistic electronic system. We analyze these systems in terms of filtering, emission and ESD performance.

With the increase in electrical systems throughout society and climate issues, EMC challenges are increasingly numerous. Cable and connector assemblies are critical points where their performance in terms of electromagnetic protection must be ensured. This requires standardized measurement methods adapted to these new challenges; it is in this context that the new IEEE P2855 standard comes into play.

Shielded cables are essential for robustness against electromagnetic interference, requiring efficient and accurate shielding measurements, achievable with Gigahertz Transverse Electromagnetic (GTEM) cells. This work presents methodologies involving GTEM cells, including procedures for verifying measurement uniformity and two distinct shielding measurement methods—one comparative (shielded vs. unshielded) and another based on the FRIIS equation. These methods are evaluated, compared with alternative setups, and the influence of cable positioning in GTEM cells is also analyzed.

Increasing bandwidth demands in electronic systems require enhanced shielding effectiveness measurements beyond traditional triaxial method frequencies, causing problematic higher-order mode generation. The presentation explores these mode-related measurement issues and demonstrates how commercial absorbers can mitigate their effects. It also highlights ongoing standardization efforts addressing higher-order mode management in triaxial setups.

The tutorial will begin with introducing the important role of power electronics in electrical power grids. With the focus on supraharmonics frequency range challenges EMI issues of the power electronic converters will be highlighted as well as giving an overview on the IEC standardization activity in 2-150 kHz frequency range.

The measurement method on grid impedance and emission will be discussed considering the commercially available equipment. Discussing the advantages and limitations of commercial devices for grid emission measurement, a customized data acquisition device will be introduced. A publicly available database of the grid behavior data will be introduced and how to translate the data for possible studies will be discussed. Next, the time-frequency analysis of the obtained data for both grid emission and impedance will be introduced. The suitability of standard AMN/LISN with respect to the real grid impedance behavior and its consequence on the expected EMI of a power converter will be addressed.

In this part a comprehensive modeling approach to estimate both differential mode and common mode of power electronic converter will be discussed. The importance of closed loop control on the power converter impedance and its effect on low frequency resonance and stability will be addressed. Moreover, the role of parasitic specifically in the supraharmonics frequency range will be highlighted through a couple of case studies. Finally, a black-box modeling strategy for both single-phase and three-phase converter from EMI model extraction of a power converter will be addressed.

The 2009 CISPR 12 edition saw major updates over the past 16 years, enhancing test methods for grid-connected vehicles and offering clearer application guidelines. This presentation highlights key changes and support.

The ISO 11451-5 standard introduces reverb chamber immunity test options, aiming to improve validation speed and frequency range, while requiring careful consideration of procedural impacts on design and test results. We will review and explore these new options.

Touching on IC standards, this presentation will review modeling and how the standards cross over from chip to module and system. The latest test challenges and effective, practical solutions will be discussed.

This presentation will give an overview of how IEMI can be used by attackers and the outcomes on the security of information processed by electronic equipment.

In this presentation, starting with IEMIs in the broadest sense, we will focus on IEMIs generated with the aim of disrupting communication systems. The main characteristics of these interferences and their effect on connected communicating solutions will be presented. We then present an analysis of the impact of a jamming signal on the quality of Wi-Fi communications, according to the characteristics of the jamming signal. A demonstration in live will be performed, in order to illustrate the impact on the communication.

We present a study which was performed to develop AI for detection and localization of a jamming source inside a building. In the presentation, the experimental monitoring system employed to measure the radio frequency activity inside the building and to collect the data base will be presented. Then, the learning acquisition processes for detection and for localization will presented and the result will be discuted for different types of monitored data.

This talk will introduce Maxwell's equations and will explain (without too much theory) how they form the foundation of electromagnetism. By linking these fundamental laws to real-world EMI/EMC issues, we will explore how time-varying electric and magnetic fields lead to electromagnetic interference, and how this understanding guides practical mitigation strategies.

This presentation addresses the foundations of transmission line theory. In particular, the underlying hypotheses will be discussed and confronted to practical situations. The effects of their intrinsic parameters and loading conditions on their EMC and signal integrity behaviour will also be introduced

We want to review understandings on effects and contributions on electrical and physical parameters of the different parts of a circuit on PCB, for complete Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) studies at PCB and chip levels.This description is focused on power chips of different semiconductor technologies, that are the main sources of electromagnetic noises in the range of the GHz. We propose to review EMC/ EMI conducted and radiated evaluations of the emissions at component and circuit level. We present the different approaches for constructing an equivalent electrical or numerical model of the PPCB including its environment: packaging, cables, connectors and especially the insertion of probes and antenna, all contributors of the final EMC responses. Some examples of these "EMC Virtual Experiment", on demonstrators and case studies, would show the audience that they can master this methodology for their own EMC understandings and investigations.

Contents:

1. Basics of EMC for power modules

2. Basics of conducted caracterization of Power PCB

3. Basics of radiated caracterization of Power PCB.

4. Electrical Model for Power PCB

5. Numerical Model for Power PCB

6. Cases studies on PPCB demonstrators

Emissions in conducted mode in power PCB and converters are now over the MHz, even with a very low frequency voltage command (kHz). Then, radiated mode is inherently activated, because of the length of the wires and the dimensions of the Power PCB. In aerospace applications and challenging programs of MEA (More Electrical Aircraft), EMC modelling and simulation are a critical key for a good design and architectures of distributed power converters in electrical aircraft. The presentation will focus on constructing behavioral models for realistic conducted mode emission investigations in electrical converter for the MEA.

This presentation concerns the global review of mixed electric-electromagnetic-numerical (3D) modelling technics dedicated to oriented EMC and Multiphysics simulations used in the flow design of high-powers modules in Railway. Some multiphysics considerations, as temperature, reliability, vibrations, will be introduced to understand their real impact on EM responses and EMC figures.

Electromagnetic shielding must meet these challenges, requiring its characterization at increasingly high frequencies. Conventional testing methods, such as MSRC or anechoic chambers, require large test volumes. The localized injection method with stripline probes is a compact and inexpensive alternative for obtaining results on shielding performance over a wide frequency band.

This presentation describes methods for measuring screening attenuation (SA) using Semi-Anechoic Chambers (SAC), focusing on emission and immunity tests via Reference Cable and Site Attenuation methods. It compares results obtained with shielded versus unshielded cable assemblies. Significant differences between the methods and their impact on measurement accuracy and standard traceability are discussed.

Flexible printed circuit boards (flexPCBs) offer advantages in weight, volume, and controlled crosstalk compared to traditional wiring, making them promising for aircraft applications. Shielding effectiveness against internal (crosstalk) and external (HIRF, lightning) effects requires accurate measurement of shield transfer impedance. A new measurement setup, inspired by the triaxial method, has been developed and tested for flexPCB shield evaluation.

In this part of the tutorial, the EMI filter gain and effectiveness with respect to the topology and material will be discussed. Case studies for EMI filtering design and volume optimization for different case studies including the active spectral shaping modulation strategy will be addressed and analyzed. The importance of considering the EMI filter lifetime for reliable filtering design will be discussed including degradation mechanisms of capacitors and magnetic components and detailed discussions on the lifetime behavior of film capacitors under different environmental conditions will be presented

The final part of the tutorial is dedicated to introducing a software tool which encompasses different modeling modules for estimating EMI of power electronic converters and design for EMC. The role of components databases as well as modeling of EMI measurement equipment in the simulation environment will be addressed. Notably, the tool also includes black/box modeling module to estimate EMI and possible filtering.

This presentation explores anechoic chamber design for full vehicle testing, focusing on EMC and antenna measurements across broad frequencies. Key challenges and integrated solutions for multifunctional testing will be discussed.

As electric vehicle (EV) and electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) architectures evolve, ensuring EMC across diverse charging scenarios becomes increasingly critical. Practical instrumentation, setup considerations, and test automation strategies are reviewed.

This presentation provides reflections on how EMI protection of a complex system and installation can be accomplished. It covers the concept, the basic principles as well as the implementation of the EMI risk management, along with the requisite augmentations.

The presentation will focus on the introduction of the threat arising from IEMI and HPEM. The second half of the presentation will give an overview on typical vulnerabilities of electronic devices and critical infrastructures as well as the impact on failure.

This presentation discusses a system approach to resilience, not only from cyber threats or HEMP, EMP and IEMI, but from a host of other events that could disrupt the supply of power. Conclusive there is a review of cost trade-offs for reliable protection and system performance.

Crosstalk is related to unwanted coupling between nearby cables, traces or components. It constitutes a serious issue in EMC and signal integrity. The presentation addresses this issue. After a presentation of the underlying coupling mechanisms and the associated models, the potential effects and the techniques to solve it will be introduced.

This tutorial addresses the challenges of EMC in Integrated circuits. In this session, an overview of the topic including modeling aspects to predict and analyze the EMC behavior in Ics is presented. Specific EMC measurement techniques for ICs are also presented

An overview of EMC in power electronics, covering key EMI sources, propagation mechanisms, and mitigation strategies essential for ensuring compliance in electrical systems. Introduction to EMI filter design principles and assessing the effectiveness of EMI filters in power electronics, considering insertion loss, impedance matching, and real-world performance factors and the link to IEEE 1560 - Standard for Methods of Measurement of Radio Frequency Power Line Interference Filter in the Range of 100 Hz to 10 GHz.

This talk will introduce an open teaching and research platform based on FPGAs and demonstrate how users can gain practical experience in implementing and designing EMC-compliant control strategies for buck converters (DC-DC converters).

Conducted disturbance aggregation in smart grids and modeling of conducted emissions from grid-connected converters. Interference propagation, interaction mechanisms, and mitigation strategies to ensure grid reliability and compliance.

Since the 1970s, Electro Magnetic Applications (EMA) has been at the forefront of solving EMI/EMC challenges for aerospace and defense platforms globally. The technology and fidelity leveraged to solve EMI/EMC simulations have increased by orders of magnitude, evolving from using punch cards to mesh aircraft bodies to solving simulations with over a billion mesh elements in a single day. Through the pursuit of including full aerospace platform mechanical geometry CAD and thousands of cables in a single simulation, EMA has developed capabilities in Ansys EMC Plus that are now applicable across various industries, from automotive to high tech, industrial to medical, and beyond. This talk will explore the evolution of full platform electromagnetic simulation, showcasing how EMA has integrated simulation and measurement to support EMI/EMC certification over the decades. Key technologies include the hybridization of full wave FDTD with multi-conductor transmission line solvers and multi-GPU acceleration, enabling high fidelity correlation to measurements on complex platforms. The insights gained from simulating aerospace and defense platforms to address challenges like lightning, EMP, and MIL-STD-461G are now being applied to other sectors for certifications such as radiated/conducted emissions and susceptibility. What are the differences in our modeling approaches for these industries and what level of fidelity is needed to make engineering decisions that lead to a higher quality product but still cuts down design and timeline costs.

Satellite-level EMC testing, being a late-stage verification, can be costly and time-consuming due to very complex setup and need of specific test facilities. State-of-the-art numerical simulations are essential tools for anticipating potential electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) issues in the early stages of satellite design. The risk of RF compatibility issues between satellite components can lead to significant time impacts and additional costs. Full-wave analysis can mitigate these EMC risks and reduce the reliance on final testing, providing a more accurate prediction of system performance. Additionally, verification through simulations enhances confidence in system reliability by enabling the modelling of EMI effects that, in some cases, cannot be tested due to setup inaccuracies or limited accessibility during the final integration of the satellite. This work presents EMC modelling for an Earth Observation satellite designed and manufactured by Thales Alenia Space, leveraging ANSYS suite solutions.

With the rising stakes of information security, securing the physical layer is as critical as protecting the application and network layers. Cheaper instruments, faster processors, and larger storage have turned once-impractical electromagnetic attacks into threats that reach beyond military and diplomatic spheres to everyday devices. This talk introduces electromagnetic information security and provides an overview of each topic.

TEMPEST threat is often presented as a video rasterization realized 10cm away from a screen emitting electric radiation. During this presentation, we propose a global approach of this threat, including conducted leaks, from a governmental point of view. Some demos will also be conducted.

DisplayPort cables have long resisted eavesdropping attempts. Their complex line encoding, involving padding and scrambling, means that AM demodulation only results in noise. Frame-periodic averaging is not applicable either. We show how we nevertheless were able to reconstruct high-quality images, not just pixel-accurate readable text but even grayscale photographs.

This presentation will focus on the practical considerations related to actual measurement uncertainty calculations for commercial test labs. It includes an introduction to and background on measurement uncertainty, gathering data, and performing calculations in an efficient and meaningful way.

This presentation explores uncertainties in EMC antenna measurements, focusing on Antenna Factor calibration, mismatch, balance, and environmental impacts, to improve understanding and application of measurement uncertainty principles in practice.

Modern antenna test systems using multi-axis robots offer flexible, reconfigurable measurements, improving safety and accuracy. This presentation will review MBSE approaches to optimize setups, reduce uncertainties, and streamline test development for calibration measurements of EMC antennas.

This presentation will focus on the vulnerability of different kind of wireless systems to IEMI. Different interference mechanisms, potential effects and the consequences in the system context will be elaborated. Additionally, there will be some propositions for protection.

This contribution will introduce the HPEM effects on a generic electronic system caused by different threats. The essential differences in the coupling behavior of NEMP and other HPM threats will be pointed out by measurement and simulation results.

The presentation will introduce an easy applicable concept for quantifying the resilience of critical infrastructure which can be used by operators or supervisors of CI. In this workshop there will also be an example analyzed to show how to apply this concept in practical.

This presentation addresses the electromagnetic disturbances generated by switch-mode power supplies. In order to control these disturbances, understanding the mechanisms of their generation within the switching cell, as well as their propagation, is a key element for both conducted and radiated emissions. Several modelling approaches (detailed, black-box, etc.) allow for the analysis of EMC in converters at different levels, enabling the design of mitigation techniques (shielding, EMC filters, adapted control).

This presentation describes the principles of grounding which involves connections to the metallic body of a structure using straps or wires in order to direct currents along the least impedance path and separate incompatible current return paths. This approach directly addresses issues such as radiated immunity, emission of harnesses, and common impedance coupling. However, implementing these grounding principles can have implications for cost, weight, routing, mounting, and maintenance.

This talk addresses EMI aggregation in multi-converter systems using Pearson's Random Walk. The method models common mode electromagnetic emissions where only the switch-on time of converters is controlled. The framework enables manufacturers and network operators to predict worst-case EMI in complex systems.

Exploring Novel Tunable Filter Technologies for Dynamic and Time-Varying Power Electronic Applications

Addressing EMI challenges in high-speed aerospace motor drives, with tailored filter designs to meet weight, efficiency, and EMC requirements of the DO160/ED14.

With the rapid advancements in artificial intelligence (AI), electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) engineering is evolving. Thanks to AI, engineers will be able to perform advanced, data-driven analysis of electromagnetic phenomena, helping them make smarter decisions early in the design process. By using data from simulations, test reports, and existing design rules, AI will find different patterns, predict problems, and suggest design improvements before building physical prototypes. These capabilities will help reduce development time, simplify compliance, and lead to more reliable systems in the aeronautical industry.

Advancements in Printed Circuit Board (PCB) technologies have significantly improved circuit density and engraving precision, enabling faster data rates, higher clock speeds, and lower power consumption in limited spaces. Signal integrity (SI) is a key factor in PCB design, as issues like signal attenuation, impedance mismatching, crosstalk, and jitter can degrade signal quality. High-speed designs require careful optimization of any impedance discontinuities to prevent signal reflections and losses. These structures must be optimized to balance manufacturing constraints, cost, and performance, especially in avionics systems. New design changes impact previous optimizations, requiring the development of flexible and adaptive models. Signal attenuation due to dielectric and conductive losses also requires precise modeling, considering PCB properties and frequency-dependent effects. A measurement approach, focusing on de-embedding methods and material characterization, enhances simulation accuracy and reduces reliance on costly test vehicles, supporting the aeronautical industry’s need for reliable, cost-effective solutions.

The Secure Digital Input Output (SDIO) interface is essential in embedded systems, facilitating high-speed data transmission. However, as operating frequencies increase, electromagnetic interference (EMI) becomes a significant challenge, potentially impacting regulatory compliance and overall system performance. This analysis utilizes ANSYS simulation tools to analyze the EMI characteristics of SDIO signals, leveraging electromagnetic models such as IBIS and time-frequency domain analysis techniques. The objective is to identify emission mechanisms and assess mitigation strategies, including filtering, shielding, and PCB layout optimization

Sensitivity, low phase noise, and noise figure are key parameters for accurate TEMPEST emanation measurements. We will examine the construction of modern digital TEMPEST receivers and identify the important parameters and capabilities necessary for measuring and analyzing the emanation of a device under test (DUT).

Measuring the radiated emission from equipment is difficult, as low-noise receivers and high gain antennas are needed. High-gain means automatically low beamwidth, and therefore it is difficult to perform measurements on large equipment. A reverberation chamber is increasing thye amplitude of any emanating field, as the emitted power is reflected many times inside the RC. This creates the so-called chamber gain. The use of a VIRC allows even measurements on site. This presentation will show how this is done in practice.

This talk introduces the overview and latest trends of non-invasive physical attacks against cryptographic modules. In particular, I will introduce deep-learning-based side-channel attack, and its application to post quantum cryptography (PQC), which has attracted attention in recent years.

On-chip measurements of power side-channel (SC) leakage will be elaborated and exploited for the following two aspects, one for validation of simulation models and the other for assessments about SC leakage tolerance, protection and avoidance of a crypto chip.

This talk explores how Polynomial Chaos Theory efficiently models uncertainty in complex systems, enabling accurate predictions and sensitivity analysis without extensive measurements, enhancing the engineering focus on key parameters.

This contribution provides insights into HEMP and other HPEM testing procedures. Different test sites, typical instrumentation and the related measurement uncertainty will be explored. Additionally, normative specification, tolerance values and the statistical confidence of HPEM field tests will be discussed.

Ensuring the EMC of autonomous driving and electromobility is crucial to the competitiveness of the automotive industry. This presentation will focus on intentionally generated electromagnetic interference effects in automotive systems.

This presentation outlines an integrated approach to national critical infrastructure protection against High-Power Electromagnetic (HPEM) effects. This presentation bridges the gap between empirical findings and strategic civil protection.

There are different options for protection of electronic devices and critical infrastructures against HPEM/ IEMI threats. This presentation will introduce concepts for detection of HPEM threats as well as concepts for application in critical infrastructures.

This presentation will discuss the core principles of HEMP power line filter design, considering top-level constraints, design trade-offs, and key imperatives that must be considered during the design of a successful HEMP filter.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly evolving and offers a wide array of uses. From simple statistical tools and machine learning models to sophisticated deep learning and large language models, AI has the potential to revolutionize engineering. It can automate processes, accelerate design exploration, and enable more natural human-machine interaction through language. Industry leaders recognize the transformative power of AI and are embracing it to gain a competitive edge.

This presentation begins with a refresher on key definitions and concepts in machine learning, emphasizing the crucial role of data. We’ll then focus on the exciting potential of generative AI, exploring both its promise and current limitations. Finally, we’ll bring it all together, exploring practical use cases and demonstrating how AI can be applied to enhance EMC activities.

Global warming has brought to light the multiple environmental impacts of our modern societies. Advanced and modern technologies, very often seen as upcoming solutions to breakdown environmental impacts, are also responsible of most of waste, pollutions and rebound effects. Decarbonation, which is a requirement, may also lead to impact transfer inducing pressure on material depletion, and multiple pollution and waste generation. We are urged to tackle technologies that are compatible with the planetary boundaries!

The presentation outline the limits of actual eco-design/eco-optimization approaches to introduce the need to investigate design approaches less sensitive to rebound effects and impact transfers. Then it focuses on the design methods, metrics and concepts expected to engage power electronics and more widely electronics toward circular economy. Socio-economic and regulation considerations are introduced as key enablers of sustainable technologies.

In recent years, power semiconductor technologies have made considerable progress with the result that a large number of different transistor technologies are available. Wide band gap semiconductors such as silicon-carbide (SiC) MOSFETs are preferred in power electronic applications due to lower switching losses compared to Si-MOSFETs and IGBTs. At lower voltages the gallium-nitrite (GaN) technology can reduce losses further. This makes modern power electronics application a potential source of electromagnetic interference (EMI). The half-bridge is a central circuit topology in most applications. In this paper, a half-bridge Buck-Converter is investigated and the switching signals are analyzed together with their resulting common mode (CM) EMI. Si, SiC and GaN transistor technologies are compared with each other under different operating points and the influence on the CM EMI is discussed.

With the increasing demand for automotive applications, the demand for power modules used in inverters for electric vehicles is also rising. To achieve the miniaturization of products, various power module topologies are being developed, and research on different power module topologies is actively progressing. In particular, power modules for single-phase or three-phase full-bridge inverters, which extend half-bridge circuits in parallel for motor drive applications, are being actively developed. However, the dynamic capacitance of a power module changes the loop impedance, leading to switching noise and making it essential for EMC issue analysis. In this paper, a simple two-port network theory-based method is proposed to extract the dynamic capacitance characteristics of multi-chip power modules. A method for extracting capacitance depending on dc bias in the switch-off state is introduced, and its validity is verified through simulations.

Common mode conducted EMI is a critical issue in power switching converters, particularly in automotive applications. Symmetrical topologies like two-switch flyback are effective in reducing EMI, but the delay between high-side and low-side switches can worsen the delivered EMI. This work investigates the use of the delay compensation technique in a GaN-based two-switch flyback converter. The study addresses both impedance balancing and delay effects on conducted EMI. Simulation results confirm a 25 dB reduction at 200 kHz with both delay compensation and impedance balancing compared to a traditional flyback converter.

Ensuring system-level power integrity (PI) is a critical challenge in high-performance computing (HPC) systems as power demands continue to rise. The voltage regulator module (VRM) plays a key role in stable power delivery, and its interaction with the power delivery network (PDN) must be carefully considered to prevent voltage fluctuations. This paper presents a system-level PI analysis incorporating a VRM behavior model for HPC system. The study examines (1) the impact of PDN impedance on VRM design, (2) the role of VRM bandwidth in minimizing PDN impedance, and (3) the influence of VRM bandwidth on decoupling capacitor effectiveness. The results demonstrate that accounting for PDN impedance in VRM design helps prevent instability and enables optimal performance tuning. Additionally, crossover frequency is a key factor in determining PDN impedance. Furthermore, when the frequency range dominated by the VRM overlaps with the effective range of decoupling capacitors, the impact of decaps is diminished. By considering this effect, increasing VRM bandwidth allows for an optimized design with fewer required decaps. These findings underscore the importance of VRM and PDN co-optimization in enhancing HPC system stability and efficiency.

Electrostatic discharge (ESD) can cause critical failures in electronic systems, making accurate simulation and modeling essential for reliability assessment. However, a key challenge in ESD simulation is the precise characterization of spark length and time-varying spark resistance in air discharge events. To address this and establish a reference measurement dataset for validating air discharge simulations, a measurement method was developed, supported by a test system with control over discharge path impedance, voltage, humidity, and approach speed. The system achieved spark length accuracy within 20 µm and captured time-varying spark resistance up to 30 ns. Simulations showed good agreement with measurements, though refinements are needed to mitigate ringing and improve resistance estimation. This setup offers a straightforward yet effective platform for validating air discharge models, bypassing the complexities of traditional ESD gun testing.

Dynamic model of ESD protection devices presents many advantages to simulate the response of these components when they are submitted to very high-level transient impulsions such as EMP residue. However, a major issue with these models is that they are defined for a specific operating point and in many cases the operating point of components can change during EMP event. In this article, a way to improve dynamic simulation by building voltage dependent RLC equivalent models will be explored to overcome this limitation and simulate complex circuit such as a snapback TVS in parallel to a capacitor.

This study investigates the temperature-dependent non-linear behavior of TVS structures by measuring and simulating harmonic distortion.

Motivated by simulation and measurement, we identified two sources for this temperature dependency.

First, due to the highly temperature-dependent leakage current, we suggest that a temperature shift may change internal DC potentials, which can explain a shift in harmonic levels.

Secondly, we observed that non-linear junction capacitance changes with temperature. We suggest that these two effects may explain the observed dependency on temperature.

In order to measure separate effects, we measured on custom TVS test structures.

This paper presents a methodology for performing efficient system-level electrostatic discharge (ESD) simulations, with an emphasis on analyzing secondary discharges. The proposed method models air discharge by combining circuit simulations and fluid-based plasma solver to simulate secondary discharge and plasma phenomena. The impedance model of the device under test (DUT) is extracted in the form of S-parameters for application in circuit simulations, and the ESD injection voltage is analyzed in the time domain. An ESD discharge is modelled by incorporating a non-linear arc resistance model, and the ESD injection voltage is extracted through transient simulations. By applying a circuit model of each component in the DUT, extracted through the PEEC solver, and the ESD injection voltage obtained through the fluid-based plasma solver, a system-level circuit simulation is performed. The effect of ESD on the entire system is analyzed to identify the cause of malfunction in the DUT. This research is expected to improve the understanding of air discharge phenomena and contribute to efficient system-level ESD vulnerability analysis and countermeasures.

This paper presents time-domain electromagnetic interference measurement methodologies for comprehensive characterization of the frequency band used by subsurface radars in interplanetary missions. These methodologies combine EMI receiver and oscilloscope measurements, enabling statistical analysis and overcoming the limitations of traditional frequency-domain approaches in predicting Radio Frequency Interference in the operating bandwidth. The presented measurements are conducted under stringent conditions, addressing the extremely low-level electric field requirements from 6 to 12 MHz frequency band.

The aim of this paper is to analyze the impact of constraints linked to the integration of an electrical power architecture at system level. Based on the description of a process used to define and evaluate the characteristics of an electrical architecture, the multidisciplinary effects of the various integration constraints (electromagnetic, thermal, etc.) linked to the power increase are identified. Based on these findings, a multi-physics pre-analysis is carried out to assess the effects of the installation choices on its electromagnetic response.

The replacement of metallic fuselage panels with conductive composite materials affects electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) due to differences in electrical conductivity and joint connections. This study examines common-mode coupling between cables placed on metallic and conductive composite material ground planes using different measurement setups. Results indicate similar coupling above 1 MHz, while below this frequency, composite panels exhibit higher coupling due to poor electrical contact at junctions. A modified setup confirms that increased coupling is primarily caused by joint connections with poor conductivity in addition to intrinsic composite material properties. These findings provide insights for grounding techniques in modern aircraft and for defining measurement setups.

As aeronautical products continue to evolve and become more intricate, the process of modeling the Equipment Under Test (EUT) also becomes more advanced.

This article explores the prediction of ElectroMagnetic Compatibility (EMC) susceptibility in aeronautical systems by developing an initial virtual EMC testing framework using IBIS (Input/Output Buffer Information Specification) models.

This virtual environment represents a first step toward a digital twin for EMC qualification, enabling the simulation of electromagnetic phenomena and helping to identify and resolve EMC issues early in the design process.

Real-time fault detection in electromagnetic compatibility is critical for dependable electronic system operation. This paper evaluates anomaly detection algorithms applied to time-domain electromagnetic compatibility measurements, meanwhile also addressing the lack of standardized datasets in this area. A novel publicly available dataset was generated using a custom test bench, injecting controlled disturbances to simulate real-world anomalies of varying severity and frequency. In terms of representation, the raw three-phase current signals were compared to a lower-dimensional representation obtained by leveraging Clarke-Park transformations. This study systematically compares a variety of classical statistical methods and modern machine learning techniques. The performance of these methods was assessed using five key anomaly detection performance metrics, providing insights in the models' effectiveness. The results demonstrate the importance of appropriate preprocessing and relation to key characteristics of the anomaly detection methods.

The detection of anomalies in automotive sensor signals distorted by intentional electromagnetic interference (IEMI) is investigated through the support of autoencoders. These are designed to extract the most important features of data in a dimensionally reduced latent representation. Furthermore, several classification methods for electromagnetic signal disturbances are analyzed and compared in this compressed latent space. The performance of the methods is compared to a baseline model and evaluated on different metrics. The aim of the investigated methods is to achieve a high recall (sensitivity) and minimal false negative misclassifications, thus detecting all possible anomalies, for which a neural network classifier is shown to be the best-performing model.

This paper presents a novel approach for optimizing the design of power distribution networks (PDNs) in heterogeneous multi-chiplet systems by leveraging a graph neural network (GNN). The proposed method predicts self-impedances at observation ports and optimizes decoupling capacitor placement to minimize PDN impedance across multiple voltage domains. Addressing the inherent complexity of PDN design in multi-chiplet architectures, a GNN-based surrogate model is employed to efficiently explore the high-dimensional design space, streamlining capacitor selection and placement. The optimization framework integrates PDN design objectives and constraints into a feedback-driven deep reinforcement learning process, enabling impedance reduction while minimizing the total number of capacitors. This approach ensures adherence to key design rules while achieving optimal PDN performance within a targeted bandwidth. By combining GNN-based modeling with reinforcement learning, this work represents a significant advancement in PDN design methodology, offering a faster and more cost-effective solution for the heterogeneous integration of multi-chiplet systems.

Reliable acquisition and processing of sensor data are crucial for numerous technical systems, particularly in safety-critical applications. However, intentional electromagnetic interference (IEMI) can distort sensor signals, leading to inaccurate measurements or communication failures. This paper investigates anomaly detection in sensor signals affected by IEMI, using data generated from LTspice circuit simulations. The simulations model both undisturbed signals and disturbed signals by injecting double-exponential electromagnetic pulses into a PSI5 sensor communication system. We compare traditional statistical methods with deep learning-based approaches. Two LSTM-based models were implemented: (1) a regression-based approach detecting anomalies through prediction errors and (2) a classification-based approach directly identifying anomalous windows. Both approaches were evaluated against a z-score-based baseline. The results show that the classification-based model achieves the highest anomaly detection performance, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.92 and an average precision of 0.79, significantly outperforming the baseline. Future work will explore hybrid models integrating autoencoders and LSTMs in the latent space to enhance robustness.

Meeting EMC requirements on conducted emissions is one decisive development goal for modern e-drive systems. The well-known approach to achieve limits for 800 V systems via a filter comes with some drawbacks, like the increase of size or cost. Having those disadvantages in mind, the here proposed solution is to reduce the level of interference during operation by applying different modulation algorithms. Here the achieved improvements are quantified via a validated numerical computer model for an industrial automotive powertrain. As baseline for the comparison, a widely used modulation algorithm (Space Vector Modulation) is taken. Improvements between the investigated algorithms and the reference are shown for conducted emission results in frequency domain.

In motor drive systems, a long motor cable can parasitically couple to the ground plane, leading to violations of emission limits. This study investigates this phenomenon in detail through both measurements and simulations. To this end, an analytical model is introduced to predict internal common mode (CM) cable resonance and ground resonance frequencies, where conducted noise emissions are amplified. The paper further explores the role of cable shield imperfections and mode conversion in the excitation of antenna mode (AM) currents using 3D simulation. The paper concludes with the identification of efficient filtering schemes to damp the typical internal CM cable resonance and the ground resonance, offering solutions for mitigating conducted emission issues in motor drive systems.

This work describes a fully integrated computational framework to estimate conducted missions of 3-phase grid-connected inverters as a function of the used circuit topology and switching modulation schemes. The circuit’s functionality is emulated mathematically using Python to obtain the Common-Mode (CM) and Differential-Mode (DM) time domain output voltage waveform, which is post-processed using a software-emulated EMI receiver. The result is an accurate prediction of unfiltered frequency domain raw emissions, while providing the flexibility to compare different inverter topologies and pulse width modulation strategies with least amount of time and effort. Additionally, the framework allows to introduce disturbances on modulation as well as inverter level for a comprehensive analysis.

This study investigates electromagnetic emissions mechanisms below 30 MHz due to high voltage switching of power devices. The relationship between conducted and radiated emissions is discussed. A prototype buck converter with a 300 A / 1200 V IGBT module is used to analyze switching behavior at switching speeds from 1.5 kV/μs to 28 kV/μs, using time-domain measurement methods. It is found that switching behavior affects both conducted and radiated emissions, particularly from 10 MHz to 30 MHz. Furthermore, radiation mechanisms of the buck converter are experimentally analyzed by changing its configurations. The results show that the buck converter exhibits an incidental radiated emission mechanism involving the protective earth cable, which acts as a monopole antenna due to potential fluctuations relative to the ground. The mechanism, which bypasses the conventional common mode emission path, degrades the effectiveness of choke coils and filters.

This paper introduces an innovative approach to electromagnetic modeling based on the Partial Element Equivalent Circuit (PEEC) method, including an analytical integration of the coupling coefficients. A novel surface-based formalism, termed Surface-PEEC (S-PEEC), is proposed to enhance computational efficiency and accuracy. The theoretical foundations of this method are detailed, highlighting its formulation and implementation. To demonstrate the versatility of the numerical model, various configurations are explored, including different material properties, positional arrangements, and computational domains. The results illustrate the adaptability and effectiveness of the S-PEEC approach in modeling possible aircraft lighning-strike scenarios.

This work presents a comparison between field observations of the transient response of a surge protective device (SPD) and predictions of a developed equivalent circuit model employed in Electromagnetic Transient (EMT) simulations. Field data obtained from a triggered lightning event at the Field Experiment Base on Lightning Sciences of the China Meteorological Administration serve as the basis for evaluating the developed EMT model for the SPD under study. Analysis of simulation results shows an excellent agreement with field records on residual voltage and energy absorption of SPD under non-standard surge current flow. This study provides insights into methodology of modeling the nonlinear performance of SPDs via advanced EMT simulations, constituting a promising framework to enhance the design of surge protection systems for vulnerable distribution power systems and emerging smart grids.

The surge current withstand capability of transient voltage suppression diodes is experimentally investigated. With the aid of a combination wave generator, we apply a sequence of 8/20 μs impulse currents with increasing peak with steps of 20 - 30 A to determine the surge current level that leads to failure mode the bidirectional diodes under study. Experimental results are analyzed and discussed in the context of power dissipation under surge events and potential leakage current changes under operating conditions.

To model the problem of electromagnetic lightning transients in buried shielded cables, classical transmision line theory (CTL) is the most used in the literature. CTL uses the Pollazeck concept and consists of ignoring the earth ground admittance, therefore neglecting the displacement currents in the ground which can become significant when the frequency increases. To deal with this problem, in this work we propose a modeling which uses the extended transmission line theory (ETL) and allows us to consider the earth return admittance. The proposed model is developed directly in the time domain and considers the dependence with frequency of the parameters per unit length of the cable and the electrical characteristics of the ground. We compare our calculation results to those produced by measurement and to those obtained by other modeling.

A technique for analysing levels of the ground electromagnetic background (EMB), created by constellations of low-earth orbit communication satellites (LEOS), based on estimates of the average area traffic capacity generated by them at the earth's surface, and available system characteristics of LEOS and their constellations, such as orbit altitude, characteristics of antenna patterns, limitations on the angle of LEOS antenna main lobe direction to the earth’s surface, and features of servicing scenarios for ground subscriber terminals. Obtained estimates of the average EMB levels, corresponding to the expected values of the average area traffic capacity generated by LEOS constellations, are sufficiently higher than the levels of natural microwave EMB on the earth's surface, which agree with estimates obtained earlier using data on the LEOS total radiated power and their quantity in the constellation, and confirms the adequacy of the presented technique

This study investigates the design and radiation resistance of an AlxGa₁₋ₓN graded composite barrier GaN high-electron-mobility transistor (GB-HEMT) compared to a conventional fixed-barrier GaN HEMT (FB-HEMT). Using Silvaco TCAD simulations, the GB-HEMT demonstrates a wider 2DEG channel and flatter transconductance (gm) profile, resulting in a saturation drain current of 1.73 A/mm², significantly improved turn-off characteristics, and superior RF performance. Specifically, the GB-HEMT achieves a peak power-added efficiency (PAE) of 44.4%, a gain of 18.7 dB, and a power density of 3.8 W/mm under large-signal operation.

Furthermore, proton irradiation simulations (1.8 MeV protons) reveal that the GB-HEMT exhibits reduced DC parameter degradation compared to the FB-HEMT, highlighting its enhanced radiation tolerance. This improvement is attributed to the optimized electron transport properties and minimized interface trap formation in the graded structure. The results suggest that the GB-HEMT design effectively balances high RF performance with robustness against particle radiation, making it a promising candidate for millimeter-wave power amplifiers in extreme environments such as radio astronomy.

This article addresses interference mitigation strategies for radio astronomy service (RAS) within the 6650-6675.2 MHz frequency band, focusing on the 5G NR network deployment and its potential impact on RAS operations. Guided by ITU-R recommendations and methodologies, the study explores both generic and site-specific interference cases. Using Monte-Carlo simulations and propagation models, including Recommendations ITU-R P.2001 and ITU-R P.2108, it estimates interference levels from 5G NR base stations, highlighting necessary separation distances across various deployment scenarios. The results indicate that urban IMT deployment requires a minimum separation of 55-60 km, while rural and suburban setups may necessitate 30-70 km based on terrain shielding and adjacent channel conditions. This study is useful for regulators and network planners that plane to implement 5G NR networks in the countries where the frequency band 6650-6675.2 MHz is in use by RAS, providing adaptable separation guidelines according to local environments and 5G NR deployment specifics.

A technique for analyzing the averaged intensity of the electromagnetic background (EMB) created at the earth's surface by subscriber terminals of communication systems using constellations of low-orbit satellites has been developed. Using previously obtained results of the analysis of EMB created by radiation from the space segment of these systems, estimates have been made of the total levels of the ground anthropogenic and natural EMB. The results indicate that the radiation from subscriber terminals of these systems makes the main contribution to the ground EMB intensity, exceeding by several orders of magnitude other EMB components formed by both natural sources of microwave radiation and radiation from multitude of low-orbit satellites, changing the physical characteristics of the habitat and ground electromagnetic environment

Radiated electromagnetic emissions requirements are defined as field strength levels that must not be exceeded when measured at a standard reference distance from the equipment under test. However, when such emissions are measured by placing the antenna at a distance different from the reference one, conversion factors are employed to adjust the emissions limits accordingly. This paper compares five alternative proposals of distance conversion factors for magnetic field emissions limits in the frequency range from 150 kHz to 30 MHz. This analysis intends to identify commonalities and differences between independent proposals presented in research articles, technical reports, and standards. The results suggest the different proposals could be merged into a single set of H-field conversion factors. Moreover, throughout the application of conversion factors in real cases, it is confirmed that, for in situ testing, H-field limits defined for distances greater than 10 m are likely to be surpassed by the ambient levels specially for frequencies higher than 4 MHz.

Several standards must be fulfilled before putting medical devices on the market. The use of harmonized standards provides a level of assurance that the equipment will not deteriorate the performance of radio services and other equipment in the intended use environment. The standards for medical equipment from the IEC 60601 series play a crucial role in this certification process. This contribution focuses on the radiated emissions conformity requirements from IEC 60601-1-2 and CISPR 11, which impose limits to electromagnetic disturbances radiated from medical devices. The current versions of the medical standards do not yet address test requirements for radiated emissions in the frequency range 1 – 6 GHz for Group 1 equipment. Since the release of CISPR 11 Edition 7.0 in 2024-02, new requirements for radiated emissions in this frequency range were introduced. A simple adoption of established measurement methods known from CISPR 32 and CISPR 16-2-3, cannot be performed because large medical products, such as angiographic X-ray systems, ME systems for nuclear medicine, CT systems, etc., have large dimensions. Therefore, regular fully-anechoic rooms or absorber-lined semianechoic chamber test setups require major modifications such as reducing the amount of used floor absorbers. We analyze the radiation behavior of different large ME equipment and propose an adapted test setup suitable for these products. As a result, practical guidance for performing radiated emissions tests on large ME equipment is provided.

A novel approach for a reference radiator for the frequency range from 1 GHz to 18 GHz is presented. This approach has several advantages compared to present implementations, like the higher and settable output level. The usage with spectrum analysers and EMI receivers is shown and the measurement time is calculated with 22.5 s, which is reasonable. A temperature compensation is implemented which improves the temperature stability by almost a factor of ten compared to step recovery diode based implementation. A prototype was built and tested to demonstrate that the approach can be implemented into reality. The downside is the much higher effort of manufacturing which drives up the cost for future commercial products.

This article quantifies an aspect that every EMC engineer is intuitively aware of: At low frequencies, as long as the boxes are electrically small, one can estimate the far field from the cable currents, but engineers may not know how to do this, and how good is that estimate? The paper compares different methods that can be used to estimate the radiated fields from the currents. The analysis is based on about 100 different geometries, cable and ground plane termination impedances. Full-wave simulation is used to calculate the currents and the far field, and estimation methods that use the cable current to obtain the far field are compared. It is shown that a combination of methods leads to average estimation errors of less than 4 dB for a frequency range of 30-500 MHz, with lower errors in the 30-300 MHz range.

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) analysis is essential to optimize circuit designs to meet regulatory standards, especially as switching speeds in modern power electronics continue to increase. However, identifying which circuit components contribute most to EMI remains challenging. Methods like Monte Carlo simulations require thousands of runs, making them impractical for early-stage design. In this work, we demonstrate that Morris global sensitivity analysis (GSA) provides a computationally efficient alternative for screening EMI contributors. We apply Morris GSA to a buck converter simulated in LTspice with 39 variable circuit components, using the frequency-domain EMI spectrum as the output parameter. We found that only 12 optimized trajectories (480 simulations) are sufficient to obtain stable sensitivity rankings in order to identify dominant contributors to conducted emissions (differential- and common-mode) across frequency. Although Morris GSA cannot resolve higher-order interactions, our findings suggest that Morris GSA can support EMC engineers to quickly prioritize impactful design changes early in the development process.

Knowing the impedance of power converters is crucial for designing effective Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) filters and predicting EMI behaviour in system-level investigations. This paper introduces a novel impedance characterization device for power converters, designed to operate while the converter is in its active state. The device employs transformer-based injection of predefined arbitrary waveforms to capture real-time impedance measurements of the converter. A key innovation of the device is the development of a compact and cost-efficient digital amplifier, which enhances the overall efficiency of the characterization process. The device has been thoroughly tested and shown to provide accurate measurements, with performance extending up to 150 kHz, limited by the specific characteristics of the injection transformer. It has been successfully utilized to characterize both the AMN impedance and the differential-mode (DM) impedance of a single-phase converter, achieving precise and reliable results.

In this paper, we introduce an innovative methodology that combines advanced measurement techniques with 3D simulation to analyze the performance of a three-phase four-wire AC input filter from EV on-board charger (OBC). This approach not only provides a deeper understanding of filter effectiveness but also enables to identify key parameters influencing the filter's behavior in real-world applications and to propose design changes for its improvement. The performance of AC filter is evaluated for both single-phase and three-phase operation through an analysis of the common-mode (Scc21) and differential-mode (Sdd21) S-parameters. The impact of the OBC housing on filter effectiveness is thoroughly investigated and discussed.

Power electronic converters produce conducted electromagnetic interferences (EMI) on a wide frequency band. To prevent the perturbation of the electrical grid and ensure compliance of the static converter with electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) standards, EMI filters must be installed at the input of the converter. To design these filters by simulations, a high-frequency model of the entire energy conversion system is required. The model type selection is determined by whether or not the conversion system is already operational or in the design phase. For systems that are already implemented, the “Terminal Modeling” (TM) approach, which considers the converter and its load as a black-box or gray-box model, is particularly well-suited. In this study, due to the drawbacks of the “black box” model, we propose to use a “gray box” model for a DC-DC conversion system. The aim is to improve methods for experimental identification of parameters for these models. The simulation results of the conducted emissions will be compared with those measured in the frequency band from 1 MHz to 100 MHz.

The automobile industry is creating a paradigm shift with the following two keywords: Electrification and Autonomous driving. During this process, the roles of multiple controllers are integrated into the central computer, which is known as the HPVC (High Performance Vehicle Computer). The HPVC not only performs autonomous driving but also would be a basic platform of SDV (Software Defined Vehicle) at the same time.

In this paper, we propose a method of evaluating the status of the HPVC based on measuring electromagnetic noise emissions from the internal circuit of the HPVC, especially with the near field electromagnetic measurement. As the elements in IC circuit deteriorate, the electromagnetic noise emitted increased according to our analysis. The results show that the proposed method can be used to diagnose possible failures in the early stage, and it can help the improvement of the electromagnetic reliability in future mobility.

This paper presents the use of combined thermal step stress and fixed-temperature accelerated aging tests. VNA measurements are used to look for EMC level drifts. Step stress at EMC filter level reveals a deviation in common mode attenuation. A component is identified as the drift’s source and a fixed-temperature aging test is performed on it. Key points ensuring the validity of the results are discussed. Extraction of an aging law is considered. Perspectives and limits are presented.

The electromagnetic interference (EMI) suppression capacitor is an important component of the EMI filter. The degradation of these film capacitors under combined electro-thermal-humidity stress is a significant concern, which may cause deviations in the cut-off frequency or the filtering bandwidth and impact the capability of the EMI filter. This paper investigates the degradation of X2 EMI suppression film capacitors. Two types of commercially 1 uF X2 capacitors are tested under relative humidity 85 %, temperature 85 °C, and voltage rated conditions. The test results are given by the measured capacitance data and the equivalent series resistance (ESR). A single-phase CLC EMI filter for a PFC inverter is used as a case study to evaluate the impact of capacitor degradation on filter performance using Monte Carlo simulation method. The findings demonstrate significant changes in gain and resonance frequencies due to capacitor degradation. This study provides valuable insights into the degradation characteristics of EMI suppression film capacitors under combined stress condition, emphasizing the importance of incorporating degradation effects into EMI filter design to ensure long-term electromagnetic compatibility and system reliability in power electronic applications.

Gallium Nitride (GaN) transistors have garnered significant attention in power electronics due to their superior efficiency. However, persistent reliability challenges remain, particularly under extreme operational conditions. This study investigates the evolution of radiated electromagnetic interference (EMI) in a high-power density GaN-based converter subjected to short-circuit accelerated aging. The experimental setup replicates real-world stress by exposing the converter to repeated short-circuit events, enabling the evaluation of key electrical parameter degradation. A notable increase in near-field EMI emissions was observed, correlating with changes in parasitic capacitances. The results reveal a reduction in gate-drain capacitance (CGD), leading to higher dv/dt, which intensified high-frequency harmonics and EMI emissions. Simultaneously, gate-source capacitance (CGS) increased, impacting gate drive stability and switching dynamics. Similarly, reverse transfer capacitance (CRSS) decreased, accelerating switching transitions and further contributing to EMI.

At the time of the risk analysis, the EMI source used by the attacker is largely unknown. When defining an EMI scenario, the probability of occurrence and performance parameters of EMI sources must be estimated from local conditions, such as accessibility, the attacker's resources, and the characteristic properties of the available technologies. This article presents a method that can be used to estimate characteristic parameters of the radiated field from the construction volume of a potential EMI interference source.

While robotic plays an increasing part in our society, environment of Intentional ElectroMagnetic Interference (IEMI) is growing. In general, a robot is composed of a set of sensors, actuators and integrated circuits. In this article we present a complete study of the EM susceptibility of a microcontroller (µC) and servomotor chain to IEMI. Direct Power Injection (DPI) method is used in order to carry out a precise analysis. The results are validated with the Bulk Current Injection (BCI) method. EMI injection in µC-servomotor chain induces a voltage shift of the high and low logic level at the output of the µC. To cover different types of attack, the servomotor operates in three modes: static, scan or off. Depending on the operating mode and the type of injection, CW or pulse, we show the possibility to vibrate servomotor, locking the scan in a defined position, taking control of the servomotor when it is on or off. Finally, we propose a classification of the IEMI impact by effect, duration and criticality at servomotor level.

The study investigates the damage modes of a limiter under high-power microwave (HPM) injection. Firstly, a limiter circuit was constructed, and high-power microwaves of different amplitudes and frequencies were injected into it. It was observed that as the frequency increased, the positive peak output voltage gradually reached saturation. Subsequently, a PIN diode model was established using Sentaurus-TCAD, and simulations were conducted under HPM injection. Based on thermoelectric theory, the temperature variation trend within the PIN diode over time was calculated and analyzed. Furthermore, the changes in internal field intensity and current density within the diode were studied. Finally, the voltage and current magnitudes at the diode anode during the first cycle were calculated, and the energy absorbed by the device was determined through integration. This work provides valuable reference for the microwave damage assessment of PIN limiters.

This study investigates the susceptibility of Automatic Gain Control (AGC) circuits to pulsed electromagnetic interference, focusing on the resulting dazzle time, which characterizes the duration of AGC disruption. Through experimental analysis and modeling, we identify internal AGC mechanisms, such as the error integrator and response asymmetry, that influence recovery dynamics. These insights contribute to optimizing Directed Energy Weapon (DEW) strategies for maximizing disruption efficiency in electronic systems.

Automotive high-voltage inverters often devote a substantial fraction of their size and cost to electromagnetic interference (EMI) filters, making filter optimization a critical design challenge. This paper presents a new AI-based framework that comprehensively explores both conventional and innovative filter topologies, integrating multi-objective optimization for performance and cost. The proposed approach uses an exploration–exploitation strategy to generate a dataset of diverse filter architectures—ranging from simple LC configurations to multi-level filters with additional damping elements. This dataset is used to train a neural network capable of predicting each candidate topology’s attenuation profile and estimating power losses across inductive, capacitive, and damping components. By replacing costly circuit-level simulations with the trained surrogate model, an iterative design algorithm—implemented via an evolutionary optimizer—rapidly evaluates numerous candidate solutions. The resulting multi-objective optimization balances EMI performance with power loss, size, and cost metrics, enabling a holistic assessment of filter topologies. Demonstrated results indicate close to 250-times reductions in optimizations duration and deeper exploration of the design space, achieving 5 – 10 % better results, paving the way for more efficient and cost-effective EMI filters in automotive powertrains.

Accurate frequency response estimation is crucial in various engineering applications, including electrical circuits especially compact power electronic circuits. In EMC, numerical simulations are often computationally expensive, especially if they need to be run multiple times for optimization. Trained machine learning models offer a suitable solution. With such a model, millions of simulations can be run per day, enabling to perform multi-objective optimization even for complex physical models. However, these models are particularly accurate only at "well-behaved" areas of the transfer function but not at their resonances. This paper investigates a methodology which incorporates the systems physics to better resolve these resonances. Instead of predicting the frequency response on individual frequency samples this work aims to predict the coefficients of its complex-valued transfer function. The results show that the physics-informed approach can resolve the resonances of the transfer function better, but the accuracy of the predicted coefficients must be very high.

Waveguides provide a robust platform for high-bandwidth, low-latency, and interference-resistant communication systems. A promising variant, the non-radiating slotted waveguide (NRSW), enables mobile feeding structures without undesired radiation when properly designed. This work presents a novel electromagnetic model for NRSWs, systematically analyzing the relationship between geometric parameters and unintended radiation. The electromagnetic behavior of this system is described through a physical model and validated via full-wave simulations in Ansys HFSS.

To further optimize the design process, we develop and compare different simulation-based metamodeling strategies. One approach, which does not incorporate prior knowledge of the electromagnetic behavior, employs Ordinary Kriging and Universal Kriging. In contrast, a physics-based approach leverages insights from the physical model to enhance accuracy and efficiency.

The proposed physics-based metamodel achieves an error of only 0.0189 dB/m in the low-radiation region while requiring just 48 simulations needed to fully describe the behavior of NRSW regarding radiation.

In this paper, the equivalence of working volumes (WV) in reverberation chambers (RCs) is investigated by the regime of state-of-the-art sensitivity analysis (SA) techniques while inspecting the effect of changing the size of the device under test (DUT) and the stirrer position to the field uniformity (FU) in a frequency-dependent study close to the lowest usable frequency (LUF). The Sobol'indices as SA measures are evaluated at each stirrer step and frequency. For efficient calculation, state-of-the-art surrogate modeling techniques were utilized to substitute the full-wave simulation model depending on the characteristics of the WVs. The computational expenses of the problem are further reduced by using a decreased number of stirrer steps and frequencies, which are achieved by means of adaptive sampling techniques through kriging interpolation. Furthermore, the size of the experimental design (ED) set, i.e., the number of different configurations is controlled by performing convergence studies. This method is able to reconstruct the 2D sensitivity map (SM) of the configuration parameters as functions of the stirrer steps and the frequency with a fewer number of samples.

Emissions measurements in Automotive industry are classically performed according to CISPR25. In the last edition, specificities related to HV product were included. We identified that the influence of the cage filter and HV-AN structure on conducted and radiated emissions measurements between 100 kHz and 500 kHz was a critical issue. Evidence through experiments and analysis with simulation allowed to understand the root cause and to propose some countermeasures. These proposals and justifications will be proposed for the CISPR/D standardization committee.

Active EMI Filter (AEF) design for high voltage applications pose several challenges. Theoretical models related to AEFs in literature are comprehensive and well-documented, however the influence of system parameters for practical high power applications has not been exhaustively researched yet. For effective filter design, practical technicalities and challenges should be explored extensively. To correctly predict the insertion loss characteristics of a given application, the investigation of system parameters is mandatory. This paper aims at thoroughly investigating the real impedances of the eDrive system, to predict the performance behavior of various AEF topologies. To assess the implications of load and source impedances, the frequency dependent impedances extracted from high power eDrive system are utilized to quantify the insertion loss characterization of AEF.

The motor of an electric vehicle is connected to the inverter either by cables or busbars if the inverter and motor are integrated in the same housing. Instead of a motor, an equivalent lumped load may be used during EMC pre-compliance testing. Utilizing a SPICE-based simulation model, the conducted emissions of an electric vehicle powertrain are investigated with different AC-load configurations. Shielded AC-cables lead to increased parasitic inductance and capacitance on the AC side of the powertrain. On the HV-DC side of the inverter, EMC filters are required to comply with conducted emissions limits. The filter components, especially those filtering the common mode, are exposed to power loss due to the noise currents on the powertrain. Simulation results for AC-cable lengths 0-3 m show that the power loss in the EMC filter components shows a strong dependency on cable length.

Electric vehicle charging stations (EVCSs), which are known EMI sources, are expected to face upcoming standardized limits in the frequency range up to 150 kHz (also known as the supraharmonic spectrum). However, the adequacy of existing compliance tests for this range has received little attention thus far. This work examines the emissions of three high-power EVCSs under varying loads to examine whether existing compliance tests accurately assess their EMI levels. The results show significant differences between EVCSs, but existing compliance tests underestimated the EMI of all of them. Therefore, this study concludes that existing compliance test procedures are insufficient for low-frequency conducted emissions and thus need updating.

Jamming attacks create harmful disruptions in wireless communication systems. Timely and precise localization of a jammer is vital in critical indoor settings, such as airports or hospitals. Inside our laboratory building, machine learning models are built to predict a commercial jammer location based on a antenna network which measures electromagnetic activity. Hence, the proposed methodology in this paper is able to predict in quasi real-time the room where the jammer is activated with a very good accuracy.

\end{abstract}

\begin{IEEEkeywords}

Jammer localization, Antenna network, Indoor Environment, Machine Learning Techniques, Real-time process.

This paper presents an injection method using Metal Oxide Varistors (MOV) to generate high level currents pulse locally and non-intrusively on power supplies. Most of the commonly used techniques enable the injection of high current pulses at the input of power supplies through capacitive or inductive coupling but no solution allows the injection at specific points inside the power supply. The proposed method uses a properly dimensioned MOV to inject the current at different points on a printed circuit board (PCB), as close as possible to a component of an active powered system. The paper also includes an electrical model of the MOV and presents measurement and simulation correlation results using MOV, to inject high current pulse in a device under test (DUT).

Verification of a D-dot sensor requires access to its equivalent area. This characteristic is not directly accessible through one measurement. It is often necessary to perform de-embedding operations on the Balun and RF transmission lines. These tasks are not always straightforward. This paper presents a frequency-based approach to measuring the equivalent area, including the associated measurement uncertainties. This work was validated on a commercial 3 GHz sensor to verify its compliance.

Sensors are widely used in modern technology, but their increasing integration into critical systems makes them vulnerable to intentional electromagnetic interference (IEMI). High-power electromagnetic (HPEM) attacks can disrupt sensor functionality without physical access, raising concerns about their impact on system reliability. This study investigates the susceptibility of sensors to IEMI and evaluates different countermeasures, including shielding, Printed Circuit Board (PCB) modifications, and electromagnetic absorbers. Results confirm that PCB lines act as primary coupling paths, but the sensor chip itself remains vulnerable. While shielding and PCB modifications offer strong protection, their practicality in real-world applications is limited. Absorbers provide a more feasible alternative, though their effectiveness depends on material properties, placement, and frequency. Some absorbers also introduce unintended effects, such as thermal influence and increased system crashes. The findings emphasize the complexity of IEMI protection and the need for further research to develop cost-effective and adaptable mitigation strategies for sensor-based systems.

This study focuses on the uncertainty estimation in magnetic field shielding effectiveness measurements performed in the time domain. The measurement method is inspired by the standard IEEE 299, and the target frequency range is from 150 kHz to 30 MHz. First, we identify the most significant sources of error. Those uncertainty contributions are considered in a model for the measurement system. This model is used to classify and quantify the sources of uncertainty independently. The relevant uncertainty sources are the measuring instrument accuracy, signal generator stability, preamplifier gain, antenna position variability, repeatability due to the influence of the setup, and proximity to the noise floor, the latter being the most significant. The measurement uncertainty, including systematic and random effects, is estimated at 1.9 dB, for shielding effectiveness below 60 dB and up to 11.7 dB when the detection becomes challenging. The results confirm the importance of maximizing the dynamic range achievable with the proposed measurement system through the optimal excitation signals.

This paper investigates the validity of the Schelkunoff Transmission-Line model (using the concept of wave impedance) for assessing the shielding effectiveness of infinitely large planar materials in a two-parallel loops configuration under near-field conditions. The validity of the Schelkunoff's model is evaluated by comparing it with two infinite integral-based solutions: one excluding the receiving loop antenna and the other including it, as well as with numerical simulations. Numerical simulations were conducted using a low-frequency finite-element-method solver, covering frequencies from 9 kHz to 10 MHz. Results indicate that when the loop-to-loop distance exceeds the radii of the loops, all models show good agreement. However, discrepancies arise when this condition is not met, casting doubt on the suitability of employing the Schelkunoff transmission-line model with the corresponding wave impedance approach in such cases.

This paper investigates the impact of the individual board level shield walls on its shielding effectiveness under near-field conditions. Utilizing 3D full-wave simulations with the Finite-Difference Time-Domain solver, the study covers a frequency range from 10 MHz to 10 GHz. A 50 Ω terminated microstrip is used as an on-board source, and the board level shield is characterized using the adapted SAE ARP 6248 stripline method. The study underscores techniques for connecting the board level shield to the printed circuit board's ground plane while analyzing leakage contributions from the different walls of the board level shield. Various scenarios with varying conductivity were gauged to understand leakage mechanisms. Notably, this study clarifies that the top side of the board level shield is the primary source of leakage and a dominant factor in overall shielding performance.

Understanding the shielding effectiveness (SE) of enclosures across different frequency ranges is crucial for electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) applications. While well-established methods exist for evaluating SE in the reverberant frequency range, the transition between reverberant and resonant behavior remains less explored. This paper investigates the shielding performance of a brass enclosure containing Transmission Line Representative Contents (TL ReCos) across the reverberant, transition, and resonant frequency regions. The study employs a mechanically stirred reverberation chamber (RC) to analyze the SE response using a combination of wall-mounted and internal monopole antennas. Results confirm the existence of a transition frequency region with change in field distribution and SE behavior. The findings highlight how variations in frequency, internal contents, and measurement positions influence SE, providing valuable insights for enclosure design and EMC testing.

This paper explores the use of spread spectrum clocking (SSC) to reduce electromagnetic emissions in clocked electronic systems by dispersing energy across the frequency spectrum around the clock signal’s central frequency. Unlike the widely adopted conventional frequency modulation (FM) technique, this study focuses on an advanced nested frequency modulation approach, where a second modulation stage is introduced. This secondary modulation helps further distribute the energy into the unoccupied gaps between adjacent sidebands within the Carson bandwidth, thereby reducing peak emissions. A detailed analysis of the relationship between the two modulation frequencies and their impact on overall emission reduction is presented through simulation examples and measured results.

This paper presents experimental tests and comparisons focused on the high-frequency electromagnetic compatibility (HF-EMC) of a high-speed permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM). For the same PMSM, two different versions of stators are considered. They differ in the stator-winding design, where the second one incorporates a multidisciplinary optimization (MDO) process, aimed at improving the machine’s EMC performance. A high-speed PMSM usually applied in a Vapor Cycle System (VCS), typically found in aircraft cooling systems, is considered as a case study. Their HF impact and performances in terms of common-mode (CM) and differential-mode (DM) impedances are addressed, as well as in terms of conducted EMI disturbances in a 10-kW powertrain setup. The HF-EMC assessment of the machine may be useful for further optimization designs regarding stator-windings variability design when EMC performance is a priority.

Characterization of battery cells and creation of measurement-based models is a key step in design process of battery packs for electric vehicles (EV). Simulations of such models allow optimization of a battery pack design to minimize safety and functional errors which might otherwise appear late in the design stage and increase development time and cost. This paper demonstrates a method for measuring battery cell impedance with vector network analyzer (VNA) under switch-controlled pulsed charge and discharge bias current,

and presents the resulting impact on inductance of the cell at 108 MHz. The battery cell inductance under bias current at temperature from -20◦C to 40◦C is presented. Finally, the bias current and temperature impact on the battery cell is shown.

In electric vehicles, high-voltage electric drive is the main source of electromagnetic emission (EMI). For best correlation to vehicle, tests shall be performed close to vehicle configuration and load conditions. Results from those tests give a forecast of later vehicle situations regarding legal EMC requirements as well as internal belongings. Limitations are in deeper analysis in case of deviations from a EMC test result. The aim is to provide a measurement method in time domain for a better understanding of mechanism and coupling paths inside and outside of an electric drive system. Additionally, individual correlations such as CM or DM can be evaluated by calculating individual channels. An one-time recording in a specific time frame and load condition gives some kind of a view to all necessary port currents and voltages and can be overlaid and compared. Furthermore it is possible to verify simulation models. This study shows an example of a Time-Domain measurement method for simultaneous evaluation of 16 measurements points on an electric drive and how results can be used for further analysis and better understanding. It can be used starting from DC up to 100MHz, depending on the test setup and used probes.

To ensure electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of drive inverters, electrical machine emulators can serve as cost-effective equivalent loads, enabling testing under realistic load conditions. However, EMC-compliant electrical machine emulators shall have negligible self-emission, while accurately emulating the radio-frequency (RF) behavior of the emulated electric machine. A key challenge arises from the switching behavior of the emulator, which introduces significant emissions. This paper presents methods to assess the emission and impedance behavior of emulators, highlighting the challenges associated with their RF behavior. To adress this, the analysis compares the characteristics of a drive inverter when connected to a motor versus a state-of-the-art emulator.

Automotive drives are considered a major source of electromagnetic interference (EMI) in the high-voltage system of an electric vehicle (EV). The recent advances in semiconductor technology towards more compact and faster switching devices bring an increasing challenge to meet the stringent electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) requirements that are applied in the automotive industry. Multilevel inverters have received increasing interest due to their benefits of lower losses and higher voltage capability. Specifically, the three-level inverter shows a good balance between these benefits and low complexity and high technological maturity. However, it is still not widely studied how it performs compared to the standard 2-level counterpart when their radio-frequency (RF) emissions are evaluated. This paper presents comparative simulations of conducted emissions at the DC-side of drives with 2-level and 3-level inverters. The electrical machine of the drive system has been modelled utilizing scattered (S) parameter measurements of a real machine in order to simulate accurately the common-mode (CM) current flow. The results showcase over the frequency range of 9kHz - 100MHz the EMC benefits of using a 3-level inverter.

The amount of electric vehicles is rapidly increasing in all countries of the EU. As a high availability of charging infrastructure is crucial for success of traffic electrification the new EU commission is investing a high amount of money to expand the charging infrastructure with a focus on DC fast charging stations [1]. The increase in charging voltage and power have a huge impact on the electromagnetic emissions generated which must comply with the emission limits in IEC 61851-21-2 [2]. In the standard a generic load is described in the exemplary setup with the main aim to sink the power generated by the charger. For gaining more realistic results a load representing the impedance of the electric vehicle is essential. As electric vehicle impedances in the frequency range between 9 kHz and 30 MHz are not known, this work uses an inductively decoupled impedance measurement procedure [3], [4] to determine the vehicle’s impedance in DC charging mode [5]. This impedance is used to develop an impedance network modelling the impedance of the vehicle. Finally, after a verification measurement the developed network is compared to other loads in the setup.

Pulsewidth modulation (PWM) strategies for DC-fed motor drives are employed to optimize performance factors such as current ripple, efficiency, and DC bus utilization. The integration of wide bandgap (WBG) devices has further improved the efficiency and power density of these systems. However, the critical issue of conducted emission (CE) at high switching frequencies has rarely been comparatively evaluated in such systems. This paper investigates the effects of various PWM techniques— such as sinusoidal PWM (SPWM), space vector PWM (SVM), discontinuous PWM (DPWM), active zero-state PWM (AZPWM), and near-state PWM (NSPWM) — on common-mode (CM) noise in a three-phase DC-fed motor drive system. The effects of modulation index and switching frequency on CM noise levels are analyzed, with their impact on EMI filter size evaluated through corner frequency calculations. The results demonstrate that, at higher switching frequencies, appropriate selection of PWM strategy can significantly enhance the power density of the EMI filter. The findings from the numerical EMI model are validated through experimental results obtained from a 1.5 kW, 300 V SiC-based induction motor drive.

Techniques to detect the presence or location of a human come in many forms. Approaches based on measuring radio signals may involve geometric principles and taking phase, delay and/or attenuation into account. This paper extends studies into the detection a human in a reverberant environment, without using dedicated localization hardware aside from measurement equipment. It uses scattering parameters to measure the absorption cross-section in a loaded and unloaded reverberation chamber. By referencing the loaded data to the unloaded data and comparing that to Mie theory models of spheres of water with specified radii, we show that a human body cannot be directly modelled as a sphere of water with a fixed radius.We optimize our model for multiple variables to match the measurements, resulting in a representative sphere with a fixed radius and complex, frequency-dependent relative permittivity that fits the human measurement. Hence, our model accounts for the relative refractive index, which stems from relative permittivity, and for the sphere radius. Using measurements and a multivariable optimisation, permittivity and radius for a given measurement are extracted and compared to confirm accuracy. It is shown that a stochastic approach for human occupancy estimation is required due to the uniqueness of people RF characteristics. The results are discussed with a focus on the occupancy estimation and the accuracy of the estimation given a set of measurements.

Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) analysis is often computationally expensive, with partial modeling and domain-specific approximations commonly employed to improve efficiency, although these simplifications can introduce accuracy trade-offs. To address these challenges, this work focuses on bioelectromagnetic compatibility (Bio-EMC) problems, particularly the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) calculations, by evaluating SAR in human head tissues using Full-Body and Head-Only models with finite element method (FEM) solvers under plane wave (PW) and near field (NF) exposures at 13.56 MHz. More than 2,000 full wave simulations are conducted, incorporating uncertainties in material properties and exposure angles, with machine learning techniques applied for enhanced analysis.

Results show that while model truncation can impact SAR, certain scenarios allow Head-Only data to effectively replace Full-Body data. In these cases, parameter prioritization in artificial neural networks (ANNs) achieves over 90% accuracy while reducing input parameters by up to 70%. For cases where truncation effects are more significant, the ANN trained on Head-Only data is refined using Full-Body data, improving predictive accuracy up to 85% while maintaining computational efficiency.

The proposed ANN-based approach enhances both computational efficiency and prediction reliability in Bio-EMC analysis, making it applicable to other emission susceptibility scenarios by reducing system complexity and improving the physical interpretation of results.

In modern hospitals, particularly in ICUs, medical equipment can introduce various levels of electromagnetic fields, potentially impacting device performance through EMI. A comprehensive risk assessment of electromagnetic environments is essential to ensure reliable device function within the ICU's specific operational environment. This research explores the electromagnetic landscape within an ICU by applying multiple measurement strategies to capture the spatial and spectral distribution of electromagnetic fields. The findings demonstrate that each strategy provides distinct insights into the behaviour of the EMF, some revealing concentrated areas of high field intensity and fluctuations. This leads to a discussion of whether a strategy is better and their pros and cons.

Several studies focused on the EMC of medical devices. However, the CM input impedance of a structure featuring wearable devices, which can facilitate the assessment of EMI, has not yet been investigated. Here, we present an estimation approach for assessing the CM input impedance of a structure including wearable devices. This estimation is made by the CM input impedance of a structure containing thin wires. Bottles filled with saline emulate the human body, providing an approximation of real-world scenarios involving the human body. Since the CM input impedance of the structure containing wearable devices can differ with the bending shape and positioning of the wearable devices on the human body, statistical analysis is performed to obtain more reliable results.

This paper investigates the effect of cross-plane direction fiber inhomogeneity on the shielding effectiveness of a carbon fiber reinforced polymer. The variation of the fiber density along the direction of wave propagation can be modeled by cutting up a unidirectional lamina into parallel sub-layers, to which homogeneous material parameters are assigned, thereby including the inhomogeneity in the model. If the change of the shielding effectiveness is analyzed according to the sample deviation of the filling rate of sub-layers from the average filling rate, an equivalent filling rate can be obtained, which is the result of this statistical analysis. Using this for homogenization, the shielding effectiveness of the CFRP lamina is obtained more precisely, taking into account the inhomogeneity.

A new wideband technique for determining the complex permittivity of flexible materials between 1 to 6 GHz is presented. In contrast to other methods—which mostly assume a planar geometry and require large samples and transmission lines for wideband measurements, this technique employs a compact setup. By taking advantage of the flexibility of the sample, we introduce a cylindrical measurement configuration capable of determining the complex permittivity of the material under test. Numerical simulations were performed on lossless and dispersive materials to demonstrate the method’s applicability. To further validate the proposed method, a radial waveguide along with its own calibration set was constructed using 3D printing and used to measure a sample of Polylactic Acid (PLA).

This study investigates the impact of planar electromagnetic absorbing materials on the shielding effectiveness of enclosures under both line-of-sight and multipath conditions. The anechoic chamber setup is used to measure reflectivity under fixed polarization and incident angles, whereas the reverberation chamber setup emulates real-world conditions with variable incident angles and polarization to assess shielding effectiveness, quality factor, and absorption cross section. Currently, absorber materials are tested in anechoic chambers often exhibit deviations in performance in practical applications, leading to a trial-and-error approach to material selection that reduces efficiency and predictability. To address this challenge, this study takes an initial step toward establishing a framework for evaluating absorber material performance and its influence on enclosure shielding, ensuring more reliable and predictable performance in real-world applications.

Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) has become one of the widely adopted prototyping utilities for both consumer and industrial product development cycles. One of the main disadvantages of FFF used to be the availability of application-specific filament material. However, in recent years, due to the popularity of desktop rapid prototyping, both the number of filament manufacturers and different types of filaments have skyrocketed. In this research work, Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Shielding Effectiveness (SE) properties of some potentially viable and commercially off-the-shelf available FFF filaments were tested. The analysis provides a basic overview of the possibility of cost-effective rapid prototyping EMI Shielding solutions. The results indicate that the nylon composite with carbon fiber provided the best SE among the chosen candidates, while the polyethylene terephthalate composite provided the most cost-effective solution. Since all the filaments can be easily bought and utilized in a typical desktop 3D printer, the development of multi-material, multilayered enclosures with complex geometries may offer enhanced SE.

The paper deals with the analysis of the electromagnetic emission from a powertrain for automotive applications. A hybrid modelling approach is presented, based on the assumption that only the cable subsystem of the powertrain is known, whereas all the other components such as drives, inverters, and batteries are only known in terms of their nominal behavior. The hybrid approach is based on the experimental characterization of the components and on the full-wave simulation of the cable subsystem. All the subsystems are then represented in term of equivalent circuital multiport and a system-level circuital simulation is carried out to derive the high-frequency currents and voltages. These quantities are finally used to estimate the emissions from the powertrain. Benchmark with alternative models and with the experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.

This article presents the hybridization of a 3D full-wave Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) solver with a multilevel multiconductor transmission line (MTL) solver, using the circuit simulator ngspice to treat TL interconnections. This schema is intended to study the electromagnetic response of 3D systems where networks of shielded cables are present. The MTL solver can simulate networks of shielded cable bundles with arbitrary topology. Bundles interconnects and terminations are described using ngspice. Interaction between different levels in the bundle is described by means of the transfer impedance of the cable shields.

The Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method is widely used in EMC simulation of structures composed of complex conducting surfaces and volumes. In addition, the thin wire formalism provides to the FDTD method the ability to efficiently deal with complex wire network. In this paper, we propose a new full hybrid FDTD – MTL method to deal with cable bundles in their realistic environment, taking into account the complexity of the return current path by the FDTD method. The voltage reference of the cable cannot be equivalent between both methods: the in-cell FDTD coupling for the thin wire formalism and a classical reference ground plane into MTL method. Therefore, we introduce a new technique to do the reference change of the common mode in MTL method in order to let the FDTD method solve the common mode current in its complex structure modeling.

We present an accurate and efficient method for the modelling of wideband wire crosstalk. Our method is based on a macro basis function (MBF) scheme for the method of moments (MoM), to model electrically thin wires that are subject to proximity effects, where the proximity effects imply that the surface current density deviate substantially from the approximations typically used in the literature. We test our method on two crosstalk problems with wires above an infinite ground plane. We demonstrate that the method compares very well with the reference solution computed by a Rao-Wilton-Glisson (RWG) basis MoM solver for general surface geometries. In comparison to the RWG MoM, our method is capable of reducing the total number of degrees of freedom by roughly a factor of four. Also, we demonstrate that the conventional thin-wire MoM and transmission line theory (TLT) yield rather poor results for the test cases considered.

This study examines the penetration of low-frequency magnetic fields into a rectangular enclosure using an analytical approach. The problem of magnetic field penetration into a two-dimensional rectangular enclosure with a slot, subjected to an incident field at an arbitrary angle, is solved using Fourier transform and mode-matching techniques. Vector magnetic potentials are defined to derive the magnetic field in each region, with modal solutions expressed in terms of Fourier series for the slot region. The transverse and normal magnetic field continuity conditions at the slot are applied to compute the modal solution, which is then used to determine the field in all other regions. The study compares the internal magnetic field magnitude as a function of the incident field angle and slot position.

This study introduces a new 1GHz triaxial cell for shielding effectiveness measurement of textile sleeves used in cable protection against EMI in the various transport sectors. First, we evaluated this new triaxial cell with the measurements made with the textile sleeves provided by Tenneco. The S parameters and transfer impedance will be checked and improvements to the existing test bench will be proposed to validate the presented model. At first, a bibliographical review is done to describe a general point of view on the various models of electromagnetic shielding of cables and test techniques to validate different aspects of electromagnetic compatibility. The measured results are closely aligned with the theoretical predictions.

In this paper, a novel Frequency Selective Rasorber (FSR) based on resistors is presented. Due to its properties, it can be cataloged as an A-T-A-T type. Two transmission bands are located at the C and X bands, and two absorption bands are settled at the sides of the passbands, reducing Electromagnetic Interference (EMI). The structure consists of multiple layers with a total thickness of 5.808mm. The dimension of the unit cell is 11mm×11mm, corresponding to the wavelength of the resonant frequency (4GHz) approximately 0.147λ0×0.147λ0. The reflectance remains below 10% from 4 to 11.4GHz under normal incidence. Due to its compact size, the structure performs well, especially against oblique incident angles in Transverse Magnetic (TM) polarization.

This paper addresses the challenges of analyzing random electromagnetic field coupling to transmission lines, which are critical for electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Traditional deterministic methods struggle with stochastic variations. To overcome this, the study employs machine learning, specifically Support Vector Machine (SVM) regression, to create an efficient surrogate model. Trained on simulation data, the model accurately predicts system behavior under random conditions, reducing computational complexity compared to Monte Carlo simulations. The approach enhances EMC studies by providing a scalable and robust method for analyzing random field coupling effects on transmission lines.

This study introduces a novel numerical approach for modeling radiated electromagnetic interference (EMI) in GaN-based power converters, focusing on a 48V/12V-10A half-bridge buck converter for automotive applications. Using Ansys HFSS simulations and experimental measurements, the near-field electromagnetic behavior was accurately predicted, identifying peak intensities at 61 MHz, 122 MHz, and 210 MHz. Near-field cartography revealed high-intensity zones near switching components and low-intensity regions, aiding in EMI hotspot identification and design optimization. The methodology validates simulation accuracy and provides a tool for EMI prediction and mitigation during the design phase, reducing post-production costs.

A detailed analysis of radiated emissions of a variable speed motor drive is presented. Large variation of radiated emissions by changes of the EMC setup without modifying the converter itself are demonstrated and explained. Modifications of the setup include the use of either a shielded or unshielded supply cable, the use of a CMAD, or changes of the cable ground connections. The strong variations in measured radiated emissions are in agreement with full-wave simulations, and can be predicted by an effective model presented here.

This study aims to improve the performance of communication antennas installed on a warship by optimizing their placements. To achieve this, electromagnetic analysis of the warship's antennas is conducted using the transient solver of Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio® (MWS). This analysis aims to identify the optimal placement of these antennas which minimize electromagnetic coupling and maximize far-field radiation pattern performance.

This work explores the characterization and analysis of the electromagnetic emissions (EM) of the Attitude Determination and Control System (ADCS) board of a CubeSat developed at UNAM, using an EMxpert near-field scanner in the 150 kHz to 2.45 GHz range. The analysis is conducted in different operating modes, obtaining spectra and 3D spatial visualizations to identify critical emission areas. Regions of low and high electromagnetic emissions are identified. The obtained results will provide key factors to describe the electromagnetic behavior of the PCB under the operation modes of the subsystem. This work will be part of a broader analysis of EMC interference inside the CubeSat by evaluating all the boards that constitute the platform.

In this paper, we propose a modeling of the transient behavior of a grounding system. This modeling, in the frequency or time domain, is developed from the equations of non-uniform transmission lines (nuTL) and the numerical method of finite differences. The equations of non-uniform transmission lines will make it possible to introduce in the proposed mathematical model all the electromagnetic couplings which occur during the spatial discretization of the grounding composed of conductive wires and thus approach the full-wave modeling deduced from the Maxwell's equations. The frequency modeling that we propose makes it possible to consider the variation with the frequency of the electrical characteristics (resistivity and permittivity) of the ground and the temporal modeling to consider the ionization of the ground when the injected current is of very high intensity.

Utilizing current monitoring probes to record the electrostatic discharge (ESD) current waveform during immunity testing has always been a fundamental component of the System-Efficient ESD Design (SEED) methodology. However, positioning the probe around the tip of the generator to capture the entirety of the waveform has raised concerns regarding potential probe loading effects that may distort the current measurements. In this work, these effects are investigated experimentally in conjunction with the IEC 61000-4-2 testing standard. Furthermore, an electromagnetic (EM) model is developed to validate the experimental findings and extend the analysis to various load impedances.

This study extends prior research on the electrostatic discharge immunity of SpaceWire (SpW) links by presenting an electromagnetic simulation approach for analyzing and enhancing the resilience of SpW interfaces and cables against ESD disturbances. The model was validated by comparing simulated shield currents with previously published measurements, demonstrating good agreement despite simplifications in modeling the ESD generator and SpW simulator. Parametric analyses highlighted the influence of installation and manufacturing characteristics on induced currents, emphasizing the value of simulation in understanding ESD effects. This work provides a practical tool for designers and manufacturers to improve SpW system robustness against ESD events.

In an environment such as a car, passengers are constantly exposed to multiple field sources. The mutual influence between field sources and other factors, such as the cable harnesses' route and the chassis' material, makes evaluating the local electromagnetic fields and their potential effects on passengers challenging. This paper introduces an efficient approach for implementing the weighted peak method (WPM). With this investigation, it is possible to achieve compliance with ICNIRP guidelines in the automotive industry for the frequency range from 1 Hz to 400 kHz. The proposed approach helps with different signals and provides solutions for multiple influencing factors of the resulting exposure index, such as the number of sources, the complexity of signals, and the influence of noise in the environment. The latter is proven through multiple measurements. The results indicate that for a signal (e.g., bandlimited noise-BLN with 200 Hz) with a measurement duration of approximately up to 10 seconds, the deviation of the results between calculation and direct measurement can be up to 35%.

Green urban infrastructure, such as large city parks, is a heterogeneous microenvironment where electromagnetic radiation (EMR) experience multi reflections and absorptions, which may have an impact on the parameters of local electromagnetic landscape (EMLS), i.e. the spatial distribution of EMR amplitude-frequency parameters. Taking into account the variability of plants vegetation between seasons, also the impact caused by a park on EMLS may change between seasons. The visitors of city parks, entering this microenvironment during the working day or recreationally in free time may require uninterrupted access to mobile radiocommunication services or may be looking for places with weaker EMR exposure. In this work the local EMLS is parameterized by statistical descriptors of EMR emitted from the base stations of public radiocommunication networks. EMR is monitored during walking inside a park under question using autonomous wearable radiofrequency EMR data-loggers, sensitive to multi narrow frequency bands of down-link emissions from base stations. The results of the four-seasons monitoring of local EMLS inside a medium-size city park revealed less heterogeneous EMLS inside the park during seasons with active vegetation of trees (from spring to autumn).

In electronic device design, it is crucial to establish rules to address electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) considerations upfront. Systems under consideration can be modeled to simulate physical phenomena prior to their integration into an electronic device. This paper explores and evaluates two meta-modeling approaches: neural networks and kriging. We examine a crosstalk issue utilizing Kron’s method, known for its ability to deliver precise results, making it suitable for practical applications.

From the analysis of the measured switching signals as well as the switching edges of the GaN-HFETs in a DC-DC converter and their verification with modelled periodic switching signals, a correlation with the frequency spectrum of conducted and radiated electromagnetic emissions was investigated, which is relevant for automotive applications.

Multisourcing of diodes must be considered during design activities, especially for EMC. For immunity aspects, several characteristics are relevant to compare the different sources. This paper proposes a method to obtain the critical parameters of a diode and to analyze their impact on diode immunity behavior. A simple DPI setup is used to model an immunity test. Impedance, junction capacitance and I-V characteristic of the diode are measured to create a model of the diode and build the DPI test in circuit simulation. Simulation results show the need for an accurate model of the junction capacitance. Finally, the components tolerance and measurement accuracy are integrated in the simulation to estimate the possible deviation in the DPI setup. Those criteria are considered for immunity aspect only. For emission aspect, additional characteristic needs to be analyzed.

This paper evaluates GaN Systems' (Infineon) proposed GaN HEMT Level 1 and Level 3 models for the GS66504B transistor, focusing on their ability to replicate current-voltage (I-V) and capacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristics through LTSPICE simulations and experimental measurements. Both the simulation and experimental setups for the I-V and C-V characteristics are detailed, along with the corresponding measurement results and analyses. An optimization method is applied to the static model to enhance its alignment with experimental data. Finally, as this comprehensive model forms the basis for an overall electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) model for power applications, simulated current and voltage waveforms, resulting from the integration of the GaN HEMT into a DC-DC converter topology, were presented and analyzed.

In this paper, a study on the temperature dependency of the dV/dt and dI/dt and electromagnetic interference (EMI) generation is proposed for IGBT, Si MOSFET and SiC MOSFET. During the switching transient, the junction temperature TJ1 of the low-side switch affects the switching behaviour of the devices, while the junction temperature TJ2 of the high-side switch affects the devices’ turn-on characteristics. The impacts of TJ1 and TJ2 are thereby investigated separately to identify their influence on the dV/dt, dI/dt and EMI generation. Based on theoretical analyses and experimental study, the dependencies of the TJ1 and TJ2 on dV/dt and dI/dt for IGBT, Si MOSFET and SiC MOSFET are clarified. Using the fast Fourier transform (FFT) on the trapezoidal switching waveforms of the devices, the dependencies of TJ1 and TJ2 on the EMI generation are also investigated.

Advances in semiconductor technology and growing adoption of localized renewables are driving greater integration of DC-output power electronic converters in DC grids, creating significant EMC challenges in the 2–150 kHz range. This paper investigates such issues using time & frequency domain analysis through a laboratory based DC grid. The setup includes a black-box DC supply connected to three identical open-box DC/DC converters via four different DC-link capacitors. Differential mode conducted EMI is measured at the point of common coupling in the DC grid. Peak voltage levels in the frequency domain (in dBμV) and average voltage levels (in V) in the time domain are analysed, as three converters are connected sequentially. The results indicate that variations in DC-link capacitance significantly influence impedance interactions between the DC supply, converters and DC-link, thereby affecting the resulting conducted EMI. The findings highlight the need for further research and standardization to regulate EMC in DC grids and connected converters.

As more parts of eco-friendly vehicles, like electric and hybrid models, become electrified, many components are now designed as electronic control systems. Key parts of the vehicle, such as the steering and braking systems, are also electrified and integrated as electronic systems. These systems include an ECU (Electronic Control Unit) and an actuator. The ECU communicates with the VCU (Vehicle Control Unit) to control the actuator, and it also monitors various vehicle components in real time to ensure proper operation. The ECU’s MCU (Micro Control Unit) handles this real-time monitoring, checking that everything is functioning correctly and detecting any failures when they occur. If a failure is detected, the system sends the failure codes to the VCU via CAN (Controller Area Network) communication, and these are then displayed as warning lights on the instrument panel. In component-level EMC (Electromagnetic Compatibility) verification, real-time monitoring ensures that all functions of the DUT (Device Under Test) are operating properly while electromagnetic waves are applied through various immunity tests. This paper focuses on issues found in the three-phase motor current sensing part of the motor inverter circuit during the BCI (Bulk Current Injection) test in the motor control system. We verified the problem using 3D modeling and electromagnetic analysis, and proposed an improved design for the motor current sensing issue in the inverter circuit.

The increasing adoption of adjustable speed drives (ASDs) and high-speed power switches has led to electromagnetic interference (EMI) challenges, making accurate EMI modeling essential. This study investigates the measurement of Common Mode (CM) impedance of three-phase induction motors using pulse Frequency Response Analysis (FRA) as an alternative to Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) measurements. The fundamentals of CM impedance measurement using VNAs and pulse FRA are elaborated. The pulse FRA method is implemented with varying pulse frequencies and duty cycles, and its results are compared to VNA measurements over a frequency range of 1 kHz to 30 MHz. The statistical analysis of the results demonstrates that the pulse FRA method can serve as a viable alternative to VNA measurement while maintaining a reasonable level of accuracy.

This paper addresses unwanted intermodulation effects in CMOS circuits, which cause interference in the high–frequency (HF) band (3–30 MHz) and the very high-frequency (VHF) band (30–300 MHz). A method for measuring interference signals using spectral analysis derived from a fast Fourier transformed (FFT) time–domain signal is demonstrated. The analysis reveals that intermodulation between a clock signal and a sinusoidal disturbance signal on the supply voltage results in amplitude modulation (AM), where the intrinsic diode in CMOS technology acts as the AM modulator.

This study highlights how interference signals injected into the power supply can generate additional unwanted spectral content due to intermodulation effects caused by parasitic diodes. It allows to understand the mechanisms behind the effect to later avoid this possible negative effects in chip design.

For a switch mode power supply (SMPS), generating some common mode noise (cm) is expected to be inherent. In order to reduce the cm levels, Y-capacitors are inserted to provide a current return path bypassing the mains. Due to these capacitances in addition to internal ones of the transformer, a significant current flowing towards earth seems unavoidable. However, there are applications where this earth current is limited. In a SMPS designed for these requirements using Y-capacitors is simply not possible. This paper documents a successful approach for such a power supply with an output power of 1.5 kW.

With the severe climatic changes it became essential to mitigate greenhouse gases. One of the key factors to mitigate the greenhouse gases is substituting the non-renewable energy sources with green renewable energy. Despite having lot of privileges, the extensive installation of renewable energy at the low voltage grid has led to instability in the grid voltage due to dynamic changes in the generation-consumption relationship. Therefore, dynamic solutions became needed to intervene and restore the grid voltage stability. This paper shows the importance of using distributed energy storage units in the low-voltage grid to restore its voltage stability.

In this paper an optimized design approach for multi-output transformers used in switched-mode power supplies (SMPS) is presented by leveraging electromagnetic 3D simulations. Traditional transformer design methods are intended to be used in various applications in industry requiring the prediction of key parameters such as transformer impedances, leakage inductance, and parasitic effects, which lead to costly iterations and prolonged development time. Using CST Studio, we accurately model and analyze these parameters which are validated through measurements. This integration of high-fidelity electromagnetic modeling significantly reduces design iterations, which improves efficiency and cost-effectiveness. In addition, generating SPICE-equivalent models from 3D simulations enables comprehensive SMPS system verification before hardware implementation. At the end, this approach enhances transformer reliability, reduces time-to-market, and provides a structured path for future advancements, that’s include thermal analysis and real-world performance optimization.

This paper investigates the distribution characteristics of Low-Noise Amplifier(LNA) threshold under different High-Power Microwave (HPM) parameters through injection method. The research results indicate that as the frequency increases, the threshold of LNA gradually decreases. In additon, the pulse width is negatively correlated with the threshold, meaning that the wider the pulse width, the lower the threshold; while the period is positively correlated with the threshold, meaning that the longer the period, the higher the threshold.

A probabilistic model and method for deriving radiation limits are presented considering fifth generation (5G) systems. The emission criteria are defined relative to the receiver’s system noise level independently of modulation and coding schemes of 5G, which makes limits derivation much simpler. The interference scenario is characterized by the two-dimensional density of interference sources and the minimum separation distance from the receiver. Typical probabilistic factors, radiation directivity, receiver antenna gain, time/frequency coincidences, and building effects are applied. Limit values are derived with an 80% probability that the interference level from the most contributing source will be lower than the protection criteria.

Inter-laboratory Comparisons (ILC) and Proficiency Testing (PT) are important and essential tools to evaluate the technical competence of calibration / test laboratories and to assure the quality of test results. Moreover, it is also stipulated by ISO/IEC 17025 that all laboratories must participate in inter-laboratory comparison programs for all types of measurements performed in laboratories when suitable comparison measurements are commenced. Although inter-laboratory comparisons on emission tests are widely organized, inter-laboratory comparisons on immunity tests are rare. In this study, firstly an inter-laboratory comparison methodology for immunity testing was developed along with a comparison device and thereafter an inter-laboratory comparison that includes the MIL-STD-461G CS114 test was organized by ASELSAN REHİS as the pilot laboratory. Finally, comparison results are presented and evaluated. Three preeminent military EMC test laboratories operating in Turkey participated in this immunity comparison test and the statistical evaluation of the participating laboratories was made by using the En method according to ISO/IEC 17043.

In this paper, a new calibration approach for inductive probes in mixed-mode parameter for contactless impedance measurements is presented. This methods aims to overcome one of the issues of reflection based impedance measurements utilizing inductive probes. The goal is to increase the accuracy and thus allow new design approaches in the field of EMC-design. The adaption is verified by various measurements, which are compared against an analytical model.

Uncertainty evaluation during D-dot sensor calibration is crucial. To measure an electric field, a meticulous calibration measurement is required. In order to precisely calibrate the sensor, measurement uncertainty needs to be quantified. Currently, three methods for calibration measurement uncertainty are commonly used in the domain (the Guide to the expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM), the ISO5725-2 standard and the Monte Carlo evaluation), but no precise comparison is available in the literature. This paper provides a guide to the selection of the most appropriate method by comparing each one and concluding the GUM technique as the most appropriate.

Based on a linear error model and state-of-the-art calibration techniques, high-resolution polarimetric radar cross-section (RCS) measurements of small unmanned aerial vehicles (sUAVs) are presented. The RCS is analyzed in the resonant region. The results are discussed in context of dominant coupling paths and radar-based identification of sUAVs.

The aim of the work presented in this article was to conduct research using the effects of RF wave reflections to improve the reading efficiency of tags used in RFID (Radio-Frequency IDentification) systems. The reason for undertaking the work was the commonly known fact that the effectiveness of reading RFID tags decreased in the presence of "obstacles", e.g. water or metal or external electromagnetic interference. In order to increase the repeatability of measurement results and to ensure reflections only from moving equipment elements for better understanding of the phenomenon, the tests were carried out in an EMC semi-anechoic chamber. The aim of this work was also to perform computer simulations of the electromagnetic field intensity in the RFID systems for presentation of the complexity of field distribution in semi-anechoic chamber

The aim of this paper is to provide useful know-how for the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) engineering community to accomplish a successful establishment of a reverberation chamber (RC). An RC converted from a shielded chamber (SC) is special in such a way that different types of foreign objects can possibly alter the field uniformity (FU). In this paper, the effect of the presence of wooden objects in this type of chamber is investigated by electromagnetic simulations and measurements while considering an improved stirrer fixture representation.

The adoption of automotive Ethernet (100BASE-T1, 1000BASE-T1) with differential signaling over twisted-pair cables is growing. In the Bulk Current Injection (BCI) test, interconnecting electronic control units (ECUs) with different common-mode termination conditions can alter noise reflection and resonance, potentially impacting the immunity of a device under test (DUT) with non-intrinsic effects. Despite its significance, this issue remains underexplored, resulting in unclear electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) design methodologies. This study experimentally investigates the impact of changes in common-mode termination conditions on the immunity of the DUT by modifying the grounding conditions of the link partner (LP). Key results include instances where failures occur even when homogeneous DUTs pass standalone tests, shifts in failure frequencies due to changes in common-mode termination conditions. Additionally, there is a strong correlation between the failure frequencies, the reflection coefficient (S11), and common-mode voltage.

In this paper, bulk current injection (BCI) setups with shielded components in the frequency range from 100 kHz to 1 GHz are investigated and modelled. The focus is particularly on studying the influence of the housing geometry of the equipment under test (EUT) with regard to the coupling. It is shown that the geometry has a significant effect, especially at higher frequencies. These effects are then taken into account by means of an RLC equivalent circuit, with the component parameters being determined using a 3D simulation. This approach leads to a good agreement between the coupling model and the measurements for different geometries.

V2X communication technology is increasingly being utilized to enhance the driving stability of passengers and to advance autonomous driving technology.

To utilize V2Xcommunication technology, a vehicle requires a V2X communication device called an On-Board Unit (OBU).

If the OBU malfunctions due to external electromagnetic interference while driving, it can lead to traffic accidents. Therefore, Radiated Immunity (RI) verification for electromagnetic interference is essential.

In this paper, we configured an electromagnetic interference and V2X communication environment in an Absorber-Lined Shielded Enclosure (ALSE) chamber and conducted RI tests on both the electronic components and vehicle level of the OBU.

This paper addresses the prediction of induced voltage on PCB traces during radiated immunity tests in an Absorber-Lined Shielded Enclosure (ALSE) as per ISO 11452-2, focusing on the [1–6] GHz frequency range. The number of applications operating in this frequency range is increasing rapidly, and small PCB structures such as traces, whose dimensions are close to the wavelengths of these applications’ frequencies, suffer from undesirable electromagnetic coupling that can lead to malfunction. A 2D simulation model for field to trace coupling is introduced, based on the Agrawal theory. The results are compared to the 3D simulation to validate the 2D model. The findings highlight the effectiveness and the simplicity of the 2D model for predicting radiated immunity performance.

Unwanted harmonic signals can be generated by imperfect conductors, contacts, and non-linear magnetic materials. For example, an 860 MHz signal can generate 2580 MHz interference. Harmonic sources can be identified through direct signal injection and a near-field scan at the harmonic frequencies. This non-invasive approach can be used to scan conductive tapes or metal frames of electronic products to find harmonic sources. In this paper, we experiment with single-ended signal injection to excite a passive conductor and scan the harmonic distribution over the surface of the object by using an H-field probe. Through this approach we can initially identify the possible nonlinear sources within a millimeter range of resolution.

The precise identification of electromagnetic interference (EMI) sources is the primary task to be addressed when a product’s radiation emission exceeds compliance standards. However, when multiple sources work at the same frequency but with different time-domain characteristics (e.g., radiation signals are complex modulated signals), it is difficult to directly determine the location of the radiation sources by traditional near-field scanning (NFS) with spectrum analyzer measurements. In this paper, a novel weighted-correlation NFS method is proposed, which can intuitively display the far-field radiation source distribution by calculating the near-to-far field correlation. The proposed method performs the short-term fast Fourier transform (STFFT) analysis on the far-field and near-field signals, then performs deferred cross-correlation analysis on the time-frequency spectrum, and finally calculates the weighted-correlation map based on the NFS results. Two simulation cases are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in accurately locating far-field radiation sources.

Near-field to far-field transformation is a widely used technique in electromagnetic compatibility testing to predict far-field radiation from near-field measurements. However, at low frequencies, where the device under test is small relative to the wavelength, the transformation often fails, resulting in significant discrepancies between calculated and the actual far-field results. Based on a test case, this paper investigates the underlying causes of this failure by analyzing the effects of cable radiation, limited scan area, probe sensitivity, and other contributing factors. Timedomain near-field measurements of the magnetic and electric fields are conducted using a calibrated scanning system, and the results are compared with full-wave simulations. The findings reveal that improper scan area selection significantly contributes to transformation inaccuracies. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that increasing the scan height can reduce errors caused by the dominance of reactive near-field components which worsens with reduced frequency for a small DUT. A detailed error analysis is provided, offering practical guidelines to improve nearfield to far-field transformations in low-frequency electromagnetic compatibility applications.

The electromagnetic field will spread/shrink between a lower/higher plane and a higher/lower plane. It is difficult to simulate such spreading/shrinking by using traditional methods, such as dipole source reconstruction method. In this paper, a deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) is proposed to “learn” the rule of such spreading/shrinking of electromagnetic fields, and then a novel near-field to near-field transform is proposed. To learn such rule, the proposed DCNN combines a height feature matrix with the scanned near-field pattern. The input of the DCNN is the scanned phaseless near-field at single plane and the height label of the target plane. The output is the field pattern at the target plane. Based on the scanned phaseless near-field at a single plane, the fields at other planes can be quickly derived using the trained DCNN. It significantly enhances the scanning efficiency in electromagnetic interference (EMI) near-field measurement. This method is comprehensively validated through numerical and experimental examples. Moreover, the proposed method shows better precision compared with the traditional dipole source reconstruction method. The corresponding code, data, and well-trained DCNN are all available through https://github.com/DongHaoHan/EMC-EUROPE-Near-Field-Transformation.

This paper investigates how low-pass filter placement influences the shielding performance of a board-level shield when input/output traces cross its boundary. The analysis examines how these traces degrade shielding effectiveness and explores how low-pass filters suppress unwanted electromagnetic disturbances to improve again shielding performance. Additionally, the study evaluates the impact of parasitic effects from lumped elements within the filter's stopband, highlighting their role in the degradation of shielding effectiveness at higher frequencies. Finite-difference time-domain simulations were performed for five configurations to assess the influence of filter placement, proximity to the board-level shield, routing, and parasitic effects. The SAE ARP 6248 stripline method, adapted for board-level shield characterization, was used to evaluate shielding effectiveness from 1 to 40 GHz. The results indicate that placing the low-pass filter as near as possible to the board-level shield improves shielding effectiveness for both internal and crossing traces. In addition, the findings also confirm that parasitic effects in the filter’s stopband can compromise the enhancement of shielding effectiveness at high frequencies.

Electromagnetic shielding, especially at the board level (BLS), is one of the key criteria for ensuring modern electronic devices' EMC. Proper implementation of BLS is essential for successful EMC passing, as BLS protects board level sensitive electronic components and often regarded as the last line of defense against interfering electromagnetic fields. Methods for characterizing shielding are diverse, with the recent approach described in the IEEE P2716 standard. However, identifying defects on already implemented BLS remains challenging and depends on the various measurement techniques. This research work presents preliminary results on analyzing the SE of various BLS samples using a GTEM cell and the EMxpert Near Field Scanner for emission analysis. The acquired experimental results were further processed with statistical methods to identify errors in the different BLS implementations. The concluded analysis shows that the combined measurement technique with a GTEM cell and a VNA provides more accurate and repeatable results compared to the other approaches investigated.

Shielding effectiveness (SE) is a key parameter in evaluating the ability of enclosures to mitigate electromagnetic interference (EMI) in electronic systems. While existing standards define multiple SE characterization techniques, differences in practical setups and target frequency ranges often lead to complexity and measurement inconsistencies. This paper proposes a hybrid SE measurement setup for small enclosures in a reverberation chamber (RC), covering the 200 MHz to 10 GHz range with minimal modifications. A key feature of this setup is its ability to evaluate the SE of small enclosures even below the chamber’s lowest usable frequency (LUF), extending the applicability of RC-based measurements. The effectiveness of this approach is validated experimentally by comparing the absorbing clamp method with conventional techniques in the 1–3 GHz range. To our knowledge, this is the first study to integrate both conductive and radiative measurement approaches for SE characterization of small enclosures while also verifying their consistency. The proposed setup enhances the practicality and accuracy of SE characterization, making it more accessible for general EMC laboratories and industry applications.

In this work, we investigate the characteristic impedance measurements of installations as different cable types above a ground plane for differential and common mode modes. There are multiple ways of measuring the characteristic impedance, yet using open and short terminations to calculate the characteristic impedance is an extensively used method. However, the applicability of this method for different modes in a broad frequency range, the effect of the ground plane and vertical reference plane (VRP), together with the repeatability of the measurements need to be further clarified. Thus, we use thin wire and twisted pairs to address these points and propose a new perspective on characteristic impedance measurements.

In this study, an analytical model was developed to predict electromagnetic coupling between a noise source, represented by a single-turn metallic loop, and a harness modeled as a single wire above a ground plane. The analytical approach accounts for the dispersion of the magnetic field across an equivalent coupling surface when calculating mutual inductance using transmission line equations. Measurements and full-wave simulations in Ansys HFSS were used to validate the accuracy of the model. A reasonably good agreement between the analytical and simulation methods as well as the measurements was demonstrated. A significant improvement in computing efficiency was attained, by reducing the computation time from 3 hours for full-wave simulation to 20 seconds with the presented method. These results show that the analytical approach has the potential to be effective for EMC-compliant designs in industrial context

The equivalent coupling surface (ECS) of passive components plays a key role in studying their mutual magnetic coupling phenomena. To enable an accurate prediction of electromagnetic interference (EMI) filter attenuation essentially below the range of hundreds of MHz, the consideration of these inter-component magnetic coupling phenomena becomes essential. In this paper, an in-depth comparison between the use of three transverse electromagnetic (TEM) cell variants, namely closed, open and gigahertz TEM (GTEM) cells for the determination of the equivalent coupling surface of a film capacitor is presented. Based on the comparison results of this capacitor representing a sample of tested components, this paper aims to show that whatever the used cell, the equivalent coupling surface of passive components can be determined with a good accuracy.

This paper presents an approach to extract the equivalent coupling surface of a capacitor mounted on a PCB. This is the first step of developing a methodology to extract the insertion loss of an EMI filter in situ. The approach utilizes near-field scan technique based on H-field probe coupled to a capacitor on a PCB. The value of mutual inductance between the probe and capacitor is then extracted by post processing. Finally, the equivalent coupling surface is extracted by optimization using GEMSEO tools.

In this paper a simulation-based analysis is presented on coupling of a plane wave to a single wire transmission line above perfectly conducting ground plane. Equivalent circuit model for the transmission line structure simulated in time domain. Coupled sources due to line excitation by an incident plane wave are considered using the Agrawal formulation. The non-linear load system is simulated in MATLAB Simulink and validated against frequency domain BLT equations. Multiple plane wave excitations are considered and analyzed the

coupled voltage at non linear loads.

One possible method for characterising the electric field in a reverberation chamber in the frequency domain is the superposition of plane waves. However, for signals such as single carrier pulses, the appearance of peaks in the transient part of the signal has been observed. The presence of these peaks gives rise to significant challenges during immunity testing, as there is a risk of obtaining transient electric field values that exceed the steady-state. A transient plane wave representation is used to describe the behaviour of the electric field inside a reverberation chamber as a sum of plane waves with random amplitude, direction and phase shift in space. A mathematical model is presented to calculate the electric field generated in the chamber and the results obtained for different frequencies are compared with those obtained in the measurements.

This paper introduces a method for evaluating electrical fields in Reverberation Chambers (RCs) using the Chi distribution. The approach is particularly useful for estimating the Lowest Usable Frequency (LUF) of a given RC and its configuration. The LUF estimate includes the effects of correlation between electric field components, isotropic properties, and homogeneity by comparing measured values to theoretical predictions from the Chi distribution. An expected limit is also proposed to determine whether the RC demonstrates sufficient homogeneity, isotropy, and uncorrelated field components, or if the stirring process needs improvement. The method is applied to estimate the LUF of two different RCs.

The quality factor (Q-factor) is a key parameter for assessing the performance of reverberation chambers (RCs) and plays also a fundamental role in some EMC or antenna measurements (e.g. shielding effectiveness). In this paper we address its experimental estimation in situations where no mechanical stirrer is available or used. Several strategies are introduced and illustrated to perform unbiased estimations based on scattering parameters acquisition and frequency sweep only.

This paper investigates the effect of different stirring strategies on the estimation of field homogeneity in mode-stirred reverberation chambers. Field homogeneity is one of the fundamental properties of field uniformity in reverberation chambers, and the study of factors that influence it is of crucial importance. By comparing measurements from two different stirring strategies in mode-stirring operation and confronting them with mode-tuned operation, we demonstrate that field homogeneity appears worse when the stirrer is rotated in an asynchronous (i.e. not zeroed and not timed) fashion. An alternative definition of field homogeneity together with a multivariate random variable approach helps attribute this phenomenon to high (apparent) correlations that predict a fictitiously low effective sample size. The findings underscore the importance of considering the stirring strategy in mode-stirred reverberation chamber measurements.

This paper presents an analytical model for analyzing the sensitivity of silicon carbide (SiC) MOSFET parameters on noise emissions in power electronics. The study extends a state-space simulation environment to include EMC behavior of converters, to evaluate the impact of various MOSFET parameters on emitted noise. The model focuses on the frequency range of 10 MHz to 400 MHz, where switching transients dominate. Sensitive MOSFET parameters for noise emissions are identified such as threshold voltage, saturation transconductance, and the channel length modulation. Overall, the framework provides a comprehensive tool for EMC design, ensuring effective noise management in power electronic systems.

This paper investigates the demodulation of radio-frequency interference (RFI) in two different topologies of current sources implemented in monolithic GaN technology. An analytical model is developed which relates transistor nonlinearities to circuit parasitics. It is then used to design RFI-immune current sources. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of these designs, showing a significant reduction in the output offset current from approximately 10uA to 200nA when subjected to 1V amplitude, 1GHz interference signal.

During operation, electronic systems are often exposed to a wide range of external disturbances, potentially including electromagnetic interference (EMI) and ionizing radiation. Evaluating the electromagnetic immunity of integrated circuits (ICs) is well established but usually performed under nominal operating conditions only. It is important to assess combined effects during system evaluation to reflect a circuit’s performance under realistic environmental conditions. This study investigates the combined effects of electromagnetic interference and ionizing radiation on a custom voltage reference circuit fabricated in a commercial 180 nm CMOS process. Direct power injection measurements were conducted on an untreated sample and after exposing it to ionizing radiation with low-energy X-rays up to a total dose of 25 Mrad. The offset induced by electromagnetic interference was measured over a frequency range of 1 MHz to 1 GHz. A detailed analysis of the dose-related changes in immunity to electromagnetic interference is presented in the form of measured results and initial simulation examples.

This investigation analyzes the susceptibility of an analog sensor to electromagnetic fields within a simulated and measured portable transmitter test scenario. The analysis employs a modeled antenna source and planewave simulations, corroborated by in-situ electric field measurements, to provide a comprehensive evaluation of sensor immunity to near-field waves.

Side-channel information leakage on cables connected to cryptographic modules is a threat to cryptographic security because it increases the attack surface. Evaluation of side-channel leakage on cables can be difficult to reproduce because of the probe connection for triggering. When the trigger signal is output in GPIO and synchronized with the cryptographic process during encryption, side-channel leakage modulates and superimposes on the trigger signal and propagates to the power cable through the probe. However, since the trigger signal is not used during an actual attack, the results obtained with the evaluation environment may differ from those of actual attacks.

The authors conducted a side-channel attack resistance evaluation through the common-mode current using ArmFrogs-ALICE, a general-purpose embedded board for industrial use, to investigate the effect of the triggering probe connection. As a result, it was confirmed that the probe connection induced the side-channel leakage in the common mode. We also demonstrated that the impact of the probe connection can be removed by sufficiently shifting the trigger pulse out of the duration of the cryptographic process.

We demonstrate methods to enhance the reconstruction of displayed information from the compromising emanations of HDMI or DVI video cables. Using a software-defined radio receiver, we acquire multiple recordings of such emissions for the same displayed image, at adjacent, overlapping reception bands. We first perform frequency alignment and coherent periodic averaging on each of these recordings individually. We then mutually align the resulting frames such that we can extract colour-identifying features for each displayed pixel across multiple reception bands. These features then go into a clustering algorithm to classify the signals emitted by different TMDS symbols. Finally, we build a graph data structure of the most common transitions between such symbols, and identify loops in this graph as candidates of pixel colours that cycle through multiple symbols due to the DC-balancing algorithm applied by the TMDS encoding. This can enhance the readability of eavesdropped text with some colour combinations, as we demonstrate for signals recorded at 12 metres distance.

Electromagnetic cybersecurity is becoming a major concern due to the increasing number of EM vulnerabilities, exploited either through passive listening to EM leakage or active data retrieval, with or without a hardware Trojan. In this work, we focus on RF retroreflector attacks, where a passive hardware Trojan is implanted within the target. Specifically, we extend this concept to a multi-Trojan attack by leveraging spectral diversity to distinguish between different Trojans. This approach is demonstrated by attacking the three color components of a VGA link, enabling the recovery of colored images. Additionally, we introduce a diode-based Trojan architecture as an alternative to the existing transistor-based design.

As a countermeasure against information leakage through electromagnetic waves, a time-varying frequency-selective shield (TVFSS) using active frequency selective surface has been proposed. The TVFSS can falsify information contained in electromagnetic waves. As an example of information leakage, this research targets eavesdropping on a display. In this article, the results of an experiment in which the TVFSS is applied to an actual display are presented. It is confirmed that images reconstructed from electromagnetic waves transmitted through the TVFSS are falsified. Furthermore, it is shown that the mechanism of the falsification can be explained based on the behavior of the TVFSS. These facts demonstrate that the TVFSS can falsify reconstructed images.

This paper attempts to overview the application of multi-objective optimization (MOO) in the design of passive electromagnetic interference (EMI) filters. MOO is gaining popularity due to efficient nature-inspired metaheuristics and surrogate modeling techniques, enabling the solution of complex optimization problems spanning across multiple engineering disciplines. The development of EMI filters for power electronics is typically such a task, for which MOO workflows are identified based on the existing literature, and an MOO problem solution is demonstrated on an example, aiming to aid the practical utilization of the technique.

Most active filters for electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) are designed as Single-Input Single-Output (SISO) systems. This work proposes an innovative approach with a control strategy for a Two-Inputs Two-Outputs (TITO) active filter. This model employs two detection points and two injection points, optimizing noise attenuation on power lines. Integrated into the regulation loop, it allows precise control of line currents without relying on the traditional separation of modes (common mode and differential mode), while inherently accounting for mode conversion phenomena. This approach offers a different method for active filter design.

This paper investigates the closed-loop input impedance of the PFC system and the effect of low-frequency zero-crossing phase-lead compensation methods on resonances of PFC input impedance in the supra-harmonics frequency range. An input voltage feedforward active damping approach is further proposed in this paper to actively attenuate the resonance peaks and dips of the PFC input impedance caused by system high quality factor components and the interaction between the converter and the EMI filter. The proposed active damping provides low-frequency zero-crossing phase lead compensation and supra-harmonics frequency range resonance attenuation, which applies to PFC systems with any EMI filters as long as the resonance frequency falls within the converter control bandwidth. Comparative simulation results of real cases show that the proposed active damping can effectively attenuate resonances of PFC input impedance with different types of EMI filters by 9-15 dB, largely reducing potential EMI emission amplification and system stability issues.

The common mode EMI of power electronic systems can often be seen as a sequence of short, periodic disturbance pulses caused by the switching actions of the power transistors. To reduce passive filter components, these individual pulses can be suppressed by injecting appropriate cancellation signals with active EMI filters. By using digitally synthesized cancellation pulses generated by an FPGA with a digital-analog converter (DAC), high EMI suppression can be achieved. These cancellation pulses can be generated with an adaptive finite impulse response (FIR) filter, which takes the PWM signals of the system as input and recreates step responses as fitting cancellation pulses. When asymmetric disturbance pulses occur, multiple FIR filters must be used, as the turn-on transient might cause different waveforms than the turn-off of the same transistor. This paper presents a possible implementation for multiple filters. Additionally, the FIR filter is substituted by another signal generation technique using other storage options available on the FPGA, saving valuable FPGA resources and allowing for much longer cancellation pulses. For demonstration, the extended algorithm is applied to the common mode EMI of a DC-DC converter showing long and asymmetric disturbance pulses. The EMI suppression is evaluated in the test setup with an EMI test receiver, showing high broadband EMI suppression in the considered frequency range of 150 kHz to 30 MHz.

This article explores the aeronautical perspectives of electrical energy transport with a short-term outlook. A comprehensive analysis of onboard electrical energy novelties will be conducted, addressing the challenges posed by electric and hybrid propulsion in the aviation sector. Particular attention will be given to electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) issues, emphasizing their critical role at the harness level within the overall electrical system. This focus underlines the necessity of considering EMC to successfully achieve the development of hybrid or fully electric aircraft.

Designing power electronic (PE) circuits involves addressing the influence of parasitic elements already during the simulation phases. However, a challenge lies in a priori estimating those and understanding their influence with respect to key design objects. To enhance the performance and reliability of such circuits, sensitivity analysis (SA) can be employed to examine how input parameters affect output characteristics in different domains, including electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) thermal management, or power efficiency. This paper explores the application of SA, through computation of Cotter indices, to a three-level passive neutral-point-clamped (PNPC) inverter intended for aerospace applications. We perform SA on common mode (CM), differential mode (DM) voltage, and power losses in three different sections of the system. We show that among 82 input parameters, one can identify 10 most influential parameters to guide design efforts in finding optima in the multi-domain design space of electromagnetic interference (EMI) and thermal management.

This paper presents an integrated approach to EMI filter design for high-speed inverter drives in All Electric Aircraft (AEA) applications. Where traditional Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) filter design methodologies primarily focus on Conducted Emission (CE), this study incorporates lightning and inrush current requirements from DO-160G/ED-14G standards. Thus the performance is evaluated in time and frequency domain. This impacts the overall EMI filter design. Two filters were designed and analyzed: one following only CE design, the other incorporating lightning and inrush. Both were evaluated through simulation, showing comparable Insertion Loss (IL). However, the proposed design demonstrated a better transient mitigation due to a higher impedance input stage. Integrating lightning and inrush current effects early in the filter design process can lead to more compact solutions for aerospace applications, compared to traditional methods that consider those on the system level.

The implementation of high voltage direct current power distribution networks in future hybrid electrical aircraft, will increase the risk of arcing. Apart from mitigation measures in the cabling and power electronics themselves, inductive sensors are developed to detect serial arcing based on high-frequency behaviour of arc currents. This paper presents the model that will be used to analyse the physical phenomena behind arcing behaviour observed in experiments. A modified Mayr model that includes the effects of arc length is used in conjunction with differential equations that describe the other components in the circuit. Parameter analysis is performed to learn the impact of each parameter to the arcing behaviour. This enables the fitting of the arc model to get a very good match between simulated and measured arc currents and voltages. As a final step, stochastic variations in the arc length are included, to be able to simulate effects of fluctuating arc length in the arc currents and voltage.

This technical paper presents a new methodology for the full integrated circuit (IC) level electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) characterization of a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) image sensors (CIS) camera IC developed for both medical endoscopy and consumer applications. The focus is on the challenges encountered in the necessary hardware and software development required for effective EMC characterization. Key challenges include designing a printed circuit board (PCB) suitable for all required tests, including accurate high-frequency simulation models, finding a failure criterion (FC) suited for camera sensors, and ensuring compliance with international EMC standards.

Currently, Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) and Bluetooth are essential for communication in everyday life. In the context of the IoT (Internet of Things) the most commonly communication technology is this type of technology. We designed a Printed Circuit Board (PCB) with two Wi-Fi antennas and used filter to also tune one of them for Bluetooth. This structure has been placed inside a system that represent the mechanical part of the device. The complete complex system has been simulated by using ANSYS HFSS v.25R1.

The use of far-field data is very promising to study the interaction of multiple devices. Estimating the field emission of PCBs early in the development process helps to ensure compliance with limit values in final antenna measurements, to initiate necessary redesign processes, and to keep costs low. The results obtained demonstrating that established simulation model is suitable for predicting electromagnetic characteristics of a dual-band Wi-Fi and Bluetooth antenna. This is useful for optimizing the design and reducing the prototype cost during the design process.

Current sensors inserted in the cables connecting electric drives to power loads are likely exposed to the radio frequency interference (RFI) collected by cables, which behave like unintended antennas. This paper investigates the susceptibility to the RFI of such components referring to the bulk current injection (BCI) test method, which is used at the module level, and to the direct power injection (DPI) test, which applies at the component level. A method to evaluate the RF power level to be applied in the DPI test at the inputs of a current sensor to allow an electronic module comprising that device to pass the BCI test is proposed.

As product miniaturization and densification become critical in modern electronics, integrating separate components into unified structures is a viable solution. This paper introduces a novel combined component that integrates a common mode choke and a transformer, addressing challenges in space and material efficiency without compromising performance. Detailed structural design, operational principles, and performance comparisons are discussed, demonstrating the advantages of this innovative approach.

Edge devices installed at the front end of a network are easily accessible to third parties and are at risk of electromagnetic information leakage due to side-channel attacks. In this study, we constructed a side-channel leakage simulation model for a printed circuit board equipped with SoC FPGA, which is increasingly used in edge devices. We are working to build a framework for designing side-channel attack resistance in actual products and plan to use this SoC FPGA-equipped board and simulation model as a platform for the study. We predicted power and EM side-channel leakage utilizing the simulation model we created. As a result, we demonstrated the trend of change in leakage strength due to the change in the PDN decoupling configuration and the position of the magnetic field probe. We also obtained a suggestion that modeling of switching currents generated in circuits other than the encryption circuit is necessary to improve the prediction accuracy.

Various Electromagnetic (EM) attacks have been developed to modulate and utilize EM emanations for covert communication, including exploiting processors, memory modules, and peripheral interfaces. The exploitation of clock systems presents unique challenges for attackers, as clocks are typically designed as output circuits with minimal susceptibility to software manipulation. Furthermore, Spread Spectrum (SS) modulated clocks pose additional difficulties since they are specifically engineered to reduce Electromagnetic Interference (EMI), exhibiting lower power levels for EM attacks. State-of-the-art SSC covert channels depend on the precise control of the memory activities, which generates carrier signals as an imitation to a Local Oscillator (LO) behavior. In this paper, we demonstrate that an air-gap covert channel attack on SSCs can be established by leveraging the existing (unintended) coupling between an SSC and nearby clocks, a phenomenon we name Clock-to-Clock Modulation (CCM). CCM-based SSC attacks are characterized by their low complexity, as they require only basic on/off operations to control the carrier signal, without necessitating fine clock manipulation. Unlike previous approaches that rely on non-clock components, CCM represents a direct attack on the clock system itself. We propose a simulation for the observed wide band phenomenon of clock-to-clock modulation, and validate our approach through experimental implementation on an air-gapped desktop system, where we successfully manipulate Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) and PCI Express (PCIe) clocks to establish an air-gap covert channel. Our results demonstrate that this novel channel is capable, from a victim-running software, of transmitting 3 bits per symbol period, achieving a bit rate of 100 bit/s.

Intentional electromagnetic interference (IEMI) poses a serious security threat, allowing attackers to disrupt or manipulate electronic equipment remotely by injecting false data through electromagnetic (EM) radiation. Existing methods fall short, often requiring physical access to internal circuitry or depending on the nonlinear characteristics of devices, which results in unreliable logic state injections. This paper introduces a groundbreaking EM dual-wave injection technique that effectively addresses these limitations. Our method stabilizes and precisely controls the injection of logic states into CMOS integrated circuits (ICs). Initial experiments with standard CMOS logic ICs clearly demonstrate the feasibility and reliability of injecting arbitrary logic states using two strategically selected EM wave frequencies. Furthermore, we successfully applied this innovative approach to the widely used Raspberry Pi 4 Model B, equipped with a Broadcom System-on-a-Chip (SoC). We accomplished the remote injection of arbitrary ASCII characters into the Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART) debug console interface through precise tuning of wave frequencies and power levels. This allowed for data injection into a Linux operating system, including shell commands, without any physical intervention. These results expose critical vulnerabilities inherent in serial communication interfaces like UART and signal potential risks to other prevalent serial protocols, including Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C) buses. The demonstrated capability for accurate and non-invasive remote manipulation of embedded system operations through EM methods underscores the urgent necessity for enhanced EM protection strategies and robust defensive measures in electronic system design.

This paper evaluates the effectiveness of software jamming, a countermeasure against electromagnetic (EM) information leakage, so-called TEMPEST, in terms of its resilience to image reconstruction methods employing multivariate and nonlinear analyses. Specifically, we quantitatively assess the robustness of software jamming from EM emissions originating from HDMI cable signals, using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and One-Class Support Vector Machine (OCSVM) as representative multivariate and nonlinear analysis techniques. The results indicate that when the noise level parameter L —which denotes the intensity of the noise superimposed on pixel RGB values—is set to L≤4, the system is vulnerable to nonlinear analytical attacks. In contrast, at L≥5, image reconstruction accuracy deteriorates markedly, demonstrating the efficacy of software jamming as a TEMPEST countermeasure under these conditions.

This paper investigates the optimization of time-domain shielding effectiveness for a thin, time-varying dielectric layer excited by pulsed electromagnetic waves. By varying the layer's capacitance harmonically over time, the study demonstrates significant enhancements in key shielding effectiveness metrics, including the peak and time-derivative reduction shielding effectiveness. Both local and global optimization algorithms are employed to solve the single-objective optimization problem. Results highlight the limitations of gradient-based local optimization methods and showcase the efficacy of global approaches for such a complex time-domain optimization problem. Particularly, algorithms based on differential evolution strategies, namely DE and SHADE, delivered very promising results in terms of accuracy and consistency compared to other algorithms.

This paper presents an innovative solution for electromagnetic attenuation at the board level: a silver ink spray-deposited on a polymer substrate manufactured by fused deposition modeling (FDM). The attenuation provided by this Board Level Shield (BLS) was evaluated between 1 MHz and 8.5 GHz using various characterization techniques: a Gigahertz Transverse ElectroMagnetic (GTEM) cell, a near-field magnetic probe, and onboard coupling. A copper BLS was also used as a reference to compare results and validate the employed methods. Finite element modeling (FEM) simulations were conducted to validate our approach, justify the observed phenomena, and extend our analysis to different configurations.

This research contributes to the growing field of advanced materials for electromagnetic compatibility, offering a solution that combines the benefits of additive manufacturing with high-performance shielding capabilities.

The absorber consists of a textile substrate sandwiched between a metallic layer, acting as a perfectly conductive ground plane, and a surface composed of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) filled with graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), which exhibit a frequency-dependent complex permittivity. Novel analytical expressions are derived to determine the optimal thicknesses of both the graphene-based surface and the textile spacer as functions of the incidence angle. The proposed model is validated through numerical simulations, leveraging both the developed analytical framework and full-wave simulations using CST Microwave Studio. The reflection coefficients for TM and TE polarizations are analysed over the 6 GHz to 18 GHZ frequency range, considering incidence angles up to 30°.

Effective shielding against electromagnetic interference (EMI) is essential to ensure the functionality of electronic systems and to limit their radiation. In automobiles, for example, where space is limited and many electrical components are used, such interference can affect safety-critical systems such as driver assistance systems. To achieve required electromagnetic shielding, metals are often used. Due to lower carbon footprint and lower production costs, the use of plastics is increasing, either with electroplated conductive layers or with conductive additives such as iron particles, carbon fibers or graphite. These materials are suitable for injection molding, the most efficient production technology for plastics products. However, the precise design of such components is challenging due to factors such as filler content, geometry, and orientation of the additives. Simulation methods play a key role in optimization, but require a comprehensive understanding of the material properties. In addition, process-related effects, especially in the case of discontinuous fibers or particles, require detailed measurements of electrical properties and influence on the manufacturing process.

Due to these challenges, the goal of this work is to measure the fiber content as well as the orientation dependent electrical conductivities and use them for the simulations. In addition, the local orientation differences across the thickness of the component must be correctly modeled and represented in the simulation in order to represent the true anisotropic material behavior.

This paper extends a previously developed statistical methodology that uses Pearson's Random Walk (PRW) to model common mode (CM) current in multiple power electronic (PE) converter configurations.

The proposed methodology investigates emission reduction with respect to a single harmonic of the switching frequency in power electronic converters, specifically examining how additional converters affect the emissions of a single converter. Correlation analysis between fundamental, third, fifth, and seventh harmonics is performed to determine potential interrelationships.

The primary objective is to achieve electromagnetic emission reduction across the entire frequency spectrum rather than focusing on individual harmonics. Initial findings demonstrate that a worst-case relationship can be established between contributions at the fundamental frequency and contributions at higher-order harmonics. These results can potentially enable control schemes that reduce overall electromagnetic interference (EMI) in multi-converter setups.

This paper presents an extension of a Pearson's Random Walk (PRW) discussed in our previous papers as a modelling tool for predicting the common mode (CM) current in multi-converter setups, based on the CM current of a single converter.

Our earlier work was limited by the assumption that CM current could only be modeled as a sinusoidal damped oscillation. Here, we introduce a more general approach where the PRW modelling can be applied to any periodic signal with an existing Fourier Transform. Beyond theoretical discussion, we validate our extended methodology through multiple test cases using signals commonly found in power electronic (PE), electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), and other electrical circuit applications -- including damped sinusoids, exponential decays, chirps, Lorentzian pulses, half-sine pulses, Gaussian pulses, and sawtooth waves.

Our test results confirm our theoretical derivations, demonstrating that the Pearson's Random Walk (PRW) can be effectively extended to model diverse classes of periodic signals. We also address limitations associated with test signal post-processing.

Electromagnetic (EM) field simulation is essential to aircraft design for high intensity radio frequency (HIRF) qualification under RTCA DO-160. While a number of numerical full wave simulation tools have been shown capable of predicting HIRF test environments, model building is complex and solve times are typically long and/or expensive. Newer, stochastic power flow (SPF) methods are a mesh-free, wave physics alternative which greatly simplifies model building and solves 1000x faster than numerical codes. SPF formulations developed by the authors have recently been implemented in a new class of EM cable/field modeling software application - Stochastica. This paper documents a rigorous quantitative benchmark of the fast SPF simulation software, directly comparing with finite difference time domain (FDTD) numerical model results for a HIRF study of the Airbus A400M engine nacelle and wiring harnesses. The benchmark also demonstrates how SPF modeling statistically encloses the high sensitivity of numerical models to small perturbations in uncertain model parameters.

An electrical inverter-driven air propulsion system can produce unintended electromagnetic interference that disturbs the components or (sub-)systems in its vicinity. A realistic electromagnetic compatibility scenario for this aerospace use case starts with conducted common-mode emissions in the air propulsion system and its connected cable trees leading to radiated emissions that propagate within the fuselage. These, in turn, couple into a neighboring CAN bus on a (sub-)system's PCB and lead to differential-mode signals that potentially interfere with the CAN communication. The work presented here concerns the emulation of genuine power electronics driven radiated emissions inside a GTEM cell, exposing a CAN (sub-)system and characterizing the coupling into the CAN bus in detail. It will be shown, that based on expected conducted common-mode emissions in an electrical inverter-driven air propulsion system and typical distances between the cable tree and a victim CAN bus, sufficiently high differential-mode interference can be induced to affect the CAN communication.

Inductive Power Transmission (IPT) is increasingly being explored as an innovative solution to address the challenges faced by electric vehicles (EVs), by helping extend the driving range, reduce battery size requirements, and improve overall energy efficiency. However, several challenges must be addressed to ensure its widespread adoption. One key concern is electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), as IPT systems generate electromagnetic fields (EMF) that may interfere with nearby electronic devices, including active medical implants. Since these implants rely on precise electrical signals to function correctly, exposure to strong EMFs from IPT systems could potentially cause malfunctions, affecting patient safety by inducing voltages in their circuits. The objective of this paper is to quantify the induced voltages in pacemakers exposed to radiated fields and evaluate the potential for interference. The pacemaker is exposed to a magnetic field around a frequency of 85 kHz, first in a homogeneous field generated by a Helmholtz coil, and then in a real-scale wireless power transfer system.

In this study, the exposure of humans to magnetic fields emitted by a wireless power transfer (WPT) system during the dynamic charging operations of a compact electric vehicle (EV) is evaluated. Specifically, different postures of realistic anatomical models, i.e., standing or lying outside and driving inside the EV are considered. The influence of the car chassis material is investigated as well. Compliance with EMF safety standards has proven that reference levels are exceeded in the extreme case of a bystander or lying person on the sidewalk at few centimetres from the car and of a driver when the chassis is modelled as carbon fiber. However, the system is always compliant with the basic restrictions, at least for the considered scenarios.

In this paper we present a laboratory-style 11 kW Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) system based on the IEC 61980/SAE J2954 reference designs for coils and system architecture. To the knowledge of the authors, it is the first of its kind that’s H-Field emissions were measured to be below the IEC 61980 Class B limits in the range of 9 kHz to 30 MHz. We present different approaches to reduce emissions and analyze emission measurement results illustrating their influence. We discuss the applicability to product designs and limits of the presented system.

Inductive Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) is a promising solution for extending the mission range and duration and ensuring energy autonomy of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). However, integrating this system introduces additional weight to the UAV, which is a significant drawback. Moreover, the presence of the drone in a magnetic field environment may pose risks to its onboard electronics. In this paper, an optimized of WPT system is presented, where system efficiency, weight, and radiated magnetic field are considered as key objectives. The optimization process is conducted using a Multi-objective Genetic Algorithm (MOGA) combined with a Meta-model. The Meta-model is developed based on a coupled approach, using a magnetic and an electrical circuit models for database generation, and Neural Networks (NN) for meta-modeling. An optimal configuration is identified and analyzed under misalignment conditions, demonstrating improved WPT system performance and reduced exposure to magnetic fields.

This paper addresses the challenge of ensuring electromagnetic compatibility between traction power supply systems and railway signaling systems by promptly identifying the causes of excessive interference in track circuits. Track circuits serve as the primary train position sensor in most existing railway signaling systems. Harmonics of the return traction current, flowing along the rails from the rolling stock to the traction substation, can distort the track circuit signal and, under certain conditions, lead to failures in train control systems. To maintain electromagnetic compatibility, new train types are tested before entering permanent operation to ensure their electromagnetic interference remains within acceptable limits. Additionally, during operation, the signal current parameters in the rails are periodically monitored. However, when excessive deviations from standard values are detected, identifying the root cause can be challenging due to the large number of influencing factors. Modeling the electromagnetic impact of traction currents on audio-frequency track circuits reduces the need for complex real-world measurements and, in some cases, can even replace them. This work aims to develop a computer model of the electromagnetic impact of traction currents on audio-frequency track circuits, facilitating the identification of possible causes of parameter deviations from standard values.

This article compares the susceptibility of GSM-R and FRMCS communication systems face to intentional jamming. GSM-R is the railway communication system currently used in Europe to ensure ground-to-train communications and signaling. FRMCS is the communication technology that should replace the GSM-R in the coming years to allow higher throughput.

Specific test benches have been set up to control quality indicators (BER or BLER) according to the power ratio between the communication signal and the jamming signal. The results are analyzed by considering the different configurations that the communicating solutions can take in terms of frequency band, modulation and redundancy.

Busbar plays a critical role in the power distribution network, enabling efficient current flow while minimizing parasitics, which can lead to critical voltage spikes during switching events. A careful design helps to significantly reduce stray inductance, that is particularly important in modern power converters using Silicon Carbide (SiC) semiconductors. These emerging new devices are faster, operate at higher switching frequencies, and are more sensitive to parasitic parameters, making the busbar’s low inductance essential for improving inverter performance and system reliability.

In this paper, the electrical characteristics of a busbar, including resistance (R), inductance (L) and capacitance (C), were computed using the Ansys Q3D simulator. The simulation, which employed a tetrahedral mesh for accurate modeling of current paths, calculated the inductance of the DC loop across a frequency range from DC to 1 GHz. The simulated loop inductance was approximately 30 nH. The software’s source and link features have allowed an accurate representation of the busbar’s electromagnetic performance, ensuring a precise calculation of the inductance values.

An experimental setup has been employed to validate the simulation results through a double pulse test, where one leg of the inverter has been subjected to switching events. Key parameters, such as DC-link voltage, collector-emitter voltage (VCE) of the IGBT, and collector current, have been measured. These measurements have allowed the calculation of the stray inductance of the busbar and comparison with the simulation results, ensuring the accuracy of the inductance calculations and assessing the busbar’s performance under real operating conditions.

The method for monitoring electromagnetic interference in the automation of urban rail transport (metro) was developed. It differs from existing methods by involving simultaneous measurements in the relay room at the relay ends of four track circuits as a train approaches the station. This approach makes it possible not only to detect electromagnetic interference in each track circuit but also to determine their parameters and predict faults in the traction equipment of electric trains. The results of experimental investigation are given.

The paper describes the extension of a previously proposed measurement method for the determination of the shielding effectiveness of larger cabinets. The new method uses a simple setup consisting of straight wires both for transmitting and receiving electromagnetic waves. The method was proved usable for smaller racks and up to 8GHz. After that a larger object in the form of a metallic cargo box was investigated. Additionally, the test frequency was extended up to 44GHz. The proposed method was compared with standardized shielding effectiveness determination methods, for which the upper frequency limit is currently at 18GHz. Our investigations can support the definition of a new standardized method for shielding attenuation measurements beyond 18GHz.

This paper evaluates the measurement errors for multipoint fixed-position-based methods performed in semi-reverberant environments.

The electromagnetic field levels obtained using this method are compared with the ones obtained using a random-walk-based method by examining both mean and maximum field levels.

A bias-variance decomposition is applied to quantify the root mean square error for different numbers of measurement points and various environments.

The results of using this method show a low uncertainty in estimating the average field levels.

While the error level for maximum field estimation is relatively high, it shows great improvements compared to a single-point fixed-position measurement.

Furthermore it is shown that a small increment in the number of measurement points improves the accuracy significantly.

Hence, this error quantification proves to have strong potential in accurately estimating both mean and maximum field levels for complex electromagnetic environments when volume-sampling-based methods are applied.

The study particularly targets electromagnetic environment characterization with multiple sensors, and applications where monitoring of electromagnetic environment is crucial, such as TEMPEST and shielding integrity.

This paper investigates the impact of the number of stirring configurations on shielding effectiveness measurements of shielded enclosures in different types of reverberation chambers , namely mode-stirred and vibrating intrinsic reverberation chambers. A non-invasive method based on Q-factor estimations is used to assess SE. Experimental results demonstrate that increasing the number of stirring configurations enhances measurement accuracy and enables the evaluation of higher SE values especially in vibrating intrinsic reverberation chamber.

This paper presents a numerical approach to modelling the EMC performance of cables used in electric vehicles. The shielding effectiveness of the cables is predicted using the transfer impedance, which can be calculated through analytical and/or numerical approaches. The advantage of the numerical method lies in its capacity to handle complex wiring configurations and diverse materials, offering more flexibility than analytical methods. Several configurations have been investigated and modeled, including one designed for electric vehicle applications. Results obtained by numerical modelling are compared with analytical models and validated against measurements acquired from a triaxial test bench. A good agreement was observed between the numerical model and the experimental results.

Semi-anechoic chambers are one of the basic tools for assessing electromagnetic compatibility. They are used not only to assess compliance with the requirements of standards harmonized with the EMC directive, but also to improve electronic devices, e.g. to reduce radiated emissions or improve their immunity to external electromagnetic fields. Testing to various phenomena requires re-arrangement of the chamber, especially daily disassembly of absorbers, which is not only time-consuming, but also, due to the weight of ferrite absorbers, for example, may also pose a threat to the health of research personnel. The actors asked themselves whether, due to the optional use of floor absorbers, their use during immunity tests could be excluded or limited. The article shows how the floor absorbers affect the electromagnetic field uniformity in semi-anechoic chambers for fast set-up rearrangement used for pre-compliance tests.

This paper presents a novel technique for the measurement of complex permittivity of dielectric materials using samples of arbitrary shape and size. Traditional methods for the use of measuring dielectrics have historically required either large, flat samples of a material, or the material to be in powder form. This is limiting when it comes to modern applications, or in the study of archaeological objects. Our approach, based on Resonant Cavity Perturbation theory (RCP), allows for the measurement of small, irregularly shaped samples by combining perturbations from three orthogonal modes in a cuboid cavity. We validate this technique by measuring various materials such as polymers and woods, the results of which demonstrate the effectiveness of the technique in providing reliable dielectric readings at microwave frequencies. This method may be particularly useful in the non-destructive characterization of archeological objects, or in the characterization of new materials.

This paper investigates the manufacturability of PMC-based heatsinks containing arrays of pins with more complex geometries, offering an alternative to conventional PMC surfaces with cylindrical pins having a circular cross-section. For this purpose, truncated cone-shaped pin geometries are considered in the designs to achieve the PMC surface characteristics, and the SLS technique is applied for the first time in the manufacturing of the proposed PMC-based heatsinks. Moreover, the simulation results of the PMC-based heatsinks with truncated cone-shaped pins are compared with those of the PMC-based heatsinks with cylindrical pin arrangements, considering the bandgap limit values. Finally, the simulation results of the PMC-based heatsinks with truncated cone-shaped pins are verified through measurements in the frequency range of interest.

In order to fulfill the specific requirements of Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) test applications operating in the 15 to 43.5 GHz frequency range, in terms of the half-power beamwidth of the radiation pattern, a modular design of a dual-ridged horn antenna is presented. The optimized on-axis transition from a coaxial RF connector into a circular waveguide ensures very broadband performance in terms of reflection coefficient and avoids major excitation of unwanted radiation modes. The transition itself and two exchangeable radiators provide three different radiation patterns, which were optimized in terms of constant beamwidth and symmetric radiation pattern over the frequency range. The geometries of the antenna designs are detailed in three orthogonal cross-sections, with a description of the most relevant parts. The horn antenna, made using waveguide technology, provides very low loss and high-power handling. The formula to estimate peak-power handling, based on electromagnetic simulations within environmental conditions, is provided and was used to increase the power handling by a factor of 4 by simple geometry adjustment in the most critical part of the antenna. The simulation results of reflection coefficient, radiation pattern, and radiation efficiency are confirmed by prototype measurements with a very good match of the results. The antenna parameters are used in the estimation of RF performance of Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) and Susceptibility (EMS) test systems using realistic parameters of RF components and test instruments.

The behavior of RF current probes in simulated real usage conditions is considered, for what regards non-linearity and saturation in presence of large low-frequency current intensity. A setup is described that allows the testing of variable bias conditions with RF probes in nominal zero air-gap and increased air-gap configurations. The tested units show an unaltered frequency response with additional 200-300 μm air-gap under DC bias currents of 100 A to 200 A. Distortion by-products are negligible and at the limit of the used instrumentation

The trend towards the densification of electronics boards is made possible by the use of increasingly miniaturized and integrated components. However, in the case of developing a product that handles sensitive information, these densification strategies conflict with the

addition of numerous filtering components ensuring compliance with certain information security standards, such as those known under the code name "TEMPEST". In this article, the possibility of observing the activity of an electronic board on its main power supply, in the absence of specific filter, leading to a breach of TEMPEST standards, will be highlighted.

This work considers the aggregation of conducted emissions in the supraharmonic range below 150 kHz originating from a set of wireless power converters for electric vehicle (EV) charging. Such converters are all fed by a common DC grid, representing a promising architecture to allow the increase of EV penetration while better controlling distortion and stability. A network of three WPT converters is analysed under varying alignment, load, and synchronization conditions. The analysis demonstrates that the aggregation of emissions from multiple converters can be effectively managed through careful design of the DC grid, minimizing interference and maintaining overall system stability. Additionally, the results emphasize the significance of accounting for both the coupling coefficient and load conditions to reduce distortion and enhance the performance of the system.

This study examines the impact of noise components on electromagnetic interference (EMI) in mobile communication equipment. The increasing performance and proliferation of electronic devices have intensified the issue of EMI caused by electromagnetic noise from these devices. In particular, harmonic noise generated by digital circuits extends over a wide frequency range. This raises concerns about its potential interference with wireless communication. However, the protection ratio for wireless communication interference is typically specified based on the assumption that interference is a continuous signal generated by the same modulation scheme as the desired signal or Gaussian noise, which may result in unexpected interference effects when actual interfering signal does not meet the above assumption.

In this study, we analyzed the impact of noise spectral components on EMI characteristics in long-term evolution (LTE) communication, an orthogonal frequency-division multiplex (OFDM) based system, using an experimental evaluation environment. The results demonstrate that the impact of harmonic noise on receiver sensitivity depends on the interference frequency. In some cases, the minimum receiver sensitivity degrades more severely than in the presence of white noise that has the same power. These findings suggest that in systems requiring high reliability, EMC countermeasures should account for specific noise spectral components to ensure robust communication performance.

This research aims to implement an SDR-based monitoring system capable of both wideband scanning (Sweep mode) and detailed real-time analysis (Real-Time mode). The main objective is to develop an efficient solution for radio signal detection and characterization, combining the flexibility of software processing with the hardware performance of SDR.

This study presents a process for the detection and characterization of radio signals by combining wideband scanning with detailed real-time analysis. In the first stage, a 125 MHz range with a 25% overlap was used to identify areas of intense electromagnetic activity, and later switched to a 25 MHz range for accurate analysis without data loss.

The experiments also included the analysis of a frequency hopping radio station, demonstrating the ability of SDR to detect dynamic transmissions and identify the frequency patterns used. The results confirm the advantages of SDR in spectrum monitoring, providing both wide coverage and precise detail of the signals of interest.

Rails constitute the primary component of the return circuit, enabling the return of traction current to substations. However, they are not perfectly isolated from the ground. The ballast presents a finite impedance, resulting in leakage currents into the soil due to conductive coupling. This phenomenon causes the apparition of rail-to-ground voltages, which may be dangerous upon contact for maintenance agents intervening on the tracks or on any equipment that uses rails as earthing system. Assessing and keeping these voltages below normative thresholds constitutes one of the main challenges in recent infrastructure dimensioning projects within the French framework. This paper aims to present the main challenges associated with rail-to-ground voltages in 25kV alternating current electrification and to present technical solutions for their mitigation. This analysis is conducted in the context of a dimensioning project for French railways, consisting in the extension of the RER E railway line to western suburbs of Île-de-France region.

Hazards of Electromagnetic Radiation to Ordnance (HERO) has usually been assessed through

measurement campaigns on an inert instrumented munition. A method called “IPCRESS” [1] was recently proposed to try to assess the maximum power seen by electrically initiated device

(EID) in order to conclude on munition safety without the need for tests. This paper draws the limitations and approximations of the former approach and proposes a rigorous approach, based on Poynting theorem, to simulate the maximum power coupled to EIDs inside the system.

To ensure the performance of radio communication systems in military operations, the platform interference level needs to be regulated. To address this issue, there are military electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) standards.

In this work, the military emission standard NRE04S for platform interference is examined and compared to an alternative lower level. The analysis is performed for the frequency bands 30-88 MHz and 225-512 MHz with typical radio parameters of a military tactical radio system in different kinds of electromagnetic environments.

It is shown that emission levels permitted by the existing emission standard NRE04S Class 1 can impact the performance of a radio system on the platform severely. For example for the frequency band 225-512 MHz, the maximum range of the communication system is less than 55% of the original range when platform noise is added. The effects of an alternative stricter limit on platform noise is also analysed.

Recently, automotive industry witnessed a transition into more eco-friendly and autonomous cars. With this transition, the automotive industry adopted more electronic parts to decrease the mechanical parts and CO2 emissions. Despite this eco-friendly transition, using more advanced electronic devices and light emitting diode (LED) drivers has led to more electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) problems regarding both conducted and radiated emissions. Also, having lots of electronic circuits in confined vehicle spaces leads to higher aggregated emissions and more EMI problems. Therefore, this paper highlights the aggregated emissions by using multiple LED drivers and measuring their radiated emissions with different setups configurations. The setups configurations explore the impact of wire harness length, number of equipment under test and their locations.

High-voltage components in electrification vehicles are shielded with metal-based shielding systems to reduce electromagnetic noise. Because these high-voltage components are mounted in locations exposed to the outside environment of the vehicle, they can corrode over time. Corrosion of metals causes their physical properties to change, which causes their electrical properties to change. That is, shielding systems such as shielded cables, shielded connectors and grounding wires in enclosures are subject to corrosion. In this paper, we analyze the frequency properties of the radiated emission noise for an electrification vehicle, and the physical properties after the corrosion test. Also we perform a corrosion cycle test on an electrification vehicle to measure the radiated emission noise of the vehicle at different stages of corrosion. As a result, we experimentally verify the effect of corrosion and durability degradation on electromagnetic reliability (EMR) for an electrification vehicle.

Correctly designing an electromagnetic interference filter for a traction inverter can be a very time- consuming activity, due to the complexity of the task and the fact that it is typically addressed at the end of the inverter development, when the first samples are validated in the anechoic chamber. This paper proposes a simplified modeling approach aimed at anticipating the filter design and sizing in the early phase of the inverter design, making the full development more integrated. The designed filter is then characterized using the VNA and finally its effectiveness is tested by performing compliance tests in an anechoic chamber.

The statistical properties of the radiated emission pattern of a device are investigated by means of an unintentional radiator model consisting of randomized discrete hertzian dipole sources. A simple Monte-Carlo approach gives rise to the underlying nature of the spatial distribution of the radiation pattern and its dependency on the electrical size of the device to be modeled. The derived distribution is compared with a full-wave simulation and a measurement of a real device for validation.

In power converter design, switching components contribute to radiated electromagnetic interference (EMI) due to their turn-on and turn-off transients. In a multi-sourcing environment, selecting the optimal diode to decrease electromagnetic emissions is critical. This paper presents a component-level validation method using the double-pulse test to predict EMI differences when diodes from different suppliers are integrated into the same product. This approach eliminates the need for repetitive full-system testing, significantly reducing time and cost while ensuring robust EMI. The results demonstrate that diodes with higher reverse recovery current generate more EMI under identical operating conditions.

The common-mode (CM) and differential-mode (DM) impedance play a crucial role in determining electromagnetic interference (EMI) noise in grid-fed motor drives. The impedance characteristics of an induction motor (IM) vary significantly with its power rating, directly influencing parasitic effects. However, the impact of motor size on CM and DM impedance, as well as its effect on EMI noise—particularly in the SUPRA EMC range (2 kHz–150 kHz) and conducted emissions (150 kHz–30 MHz)—has been rarely explored together. This paper investigates the influence of motor parasitic effects by analyzing real CM and DM impedance plots for IMs in the 0.55 kW–500 kW power range. A HF motor model is then employed to quantify CM and DM noise and assess the impact of impedance variations on EMI noise propagation for 1.1 kW and 55 kW IM using Q-spice.

The derivation of a modal equivalent-circuit representation for the full-wave PEEC-method is presented. It is based on a frequency-independent eigenvalue problem, whose solution provides a set of eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Subsequently, a very efficient canonical and stable Foster-type modal equivalent circuit can be synthesized, which describes the full-wave system behavior accurately within the considered bandwidth while reducing the total number of unknowns by several orders of magnitude. As an application example, a crosstalk problem for wire interconnections in combination with a metallic housing is presented. The synthesized network model enables the simulation of port-transfer functions in the frequencyand time domain. The consideration of the corresponding eigenvectors for the current distribution provides a very effective means for noise-reduction measures, as demonstrated by the optimal placement of ferrite beads.

In the past two decades, reverberation chambers (RCs) have been increasingly utilized in large-scale rodent bioassays to study dose-response relationships for cancer and non-cancer biological endpoints. Computational radio-frequency (RF) dosimetry plays a critical role in the design of these studies, influencing key parameters such as RC size, number, cohort size, and exposure frequencies. Given the complexity of modeling animal-loaded RCs, simplified random plane-wave (PW) superposition techniques have often been used, though full-wave characterizations have also been explored. This study expands previous research by analyzing the effects of line-of-sight (LoS) elimination in the Università Politecnica delle Marche RC at 900 MHz, modeling 96 caged rodents. Using whole-body Specific Absorption Rate (wbSAR) as the key observable, the study highlights asymmetries in RC exposures, showing higher wbSAR values near the mode-stirrer. The study investigates field diffusers and cage repositioning strategies to mitigate these imbalances. Simulations conducted with Transmission-Line Matrix (TLM) and Finite Element Method (FEM) techniques reveal a weaker correlation between wbSAR and rodent mass than previously reported. These findings suggest that real-world RC configurations introduce exposure variations not necessarily captured by idealized Rayleigh field models, impacting the interpretation of rodent bioassay results.

The design of high-speed serial links for aeronautical equipment, addressing challenges like the optimization of impedance discontinuities, requires a careful signal integrity analysis. A measurement methodology on a test vehicle was developed to correlate simulation results with real-world measurements. By evaluating de-embedding methods, characterizing material properties and 3D connector models, the goal is to reduce reliance on costly test vehicles while increasing confidence in simulation tools. This approach supports the aerospace industry's need for high-performance, reliable, and cost-effective PCB solutions.

This paper demonstrates the importance of parameter initialization in the co-simulation of integrated circuit emission in a Transverse Electro Magnetic (TEM) cell using the time windowing waveform relaxation (WR) method. The study focuses on the Freescale MPC5534-324 microcontroller and uses an equivalent circuit-based model for the TEM cell. The WR method is applied to three subsystems: subsystem 1 (the equivalent power distribution network model of the printed circuit board), subsystem 2 (the Integrated Circuit Emission Model - Conducted Emission model) and subsystem 3 (the equivalent circuit-based far-field coupling model to the TEM cell). Initially, at splitting points, WR parameters are set to zero. With an input voltage of 1.8 V, the co-simulation output voltage is compared to the full system, resulting in an average error of -16.4 dB. The WR method converges in 9 iterations with a CPU time of 14.45 s, whereas the full system requires 10.8 s, i.e. the WR-based co-simulation is 33.8% slower than the full system. To improve accuracy, the output values from the WR method are used as initial parameter values in the time windowing WR method. After 14 iterations with an arbitrary four number of time windows, the results closely match those of the full system, with the average error improving to -45 dB, which is nearly identical to the full system (less than 2% difference in dB). Additionally, the time windowing WR method achieves a CPU time that is 32.2% faster than the WR method and close to that of the full system...

According to CISPR 32, the voltage/current conversion factor should be 43.5 dBΩ. However, the voltage/current conversion factor due to conversion from differential mode to common mode of AANs varies depending on the common mode impedance of the EUT. This paper shows that by using an improved transformer-type AAN for 8-wire unscreened balanced pair cables, a voltage/current conversion factor of 43.5　dBΩ can be achieved through round robin testing, thereby enhancing the reproducibility of conducted emission measurements on wired network ports, even across different environmental test sites.

This paper presents a tunable magnetic field resonant probe designed for near-field electromagnetic interference scanning. The proposed probe offers frequency tunability up to 16 GHz and can also operate as a broadband probe up to 20 GHz, surpassing the limitations of existing resonant probes. Unlike varactor-tuned probes, this design enables frequency tuning by modifying PCB-mounted capacitors, ensuring stable operation without detuning under high-power conditions. The probe was simulated in CST, fabricated, and tested, showing excellent agreement between simulations and measurements. Results demonstrate a significant signal-to-noise ratio improvement of 10–20 dB compared to non-resonant probes of similar size. The probe’s compact structure, impedance-matching capabilities, and strong performance at high frequencies enhance spatial resolution and measurement accuracy, making it a versatile tool for high-frequency EMI diagnostics.

Designing and calculating a ground circuit is unfortunately not an easy task. The problem is even more complex when it comes to a grounding circuit made up of several interconnected grounding systems, as in the case of wind farms. The measurement, which is generally very expensive, is not sufficient and the engineers then use numerical modelling to try to find the optimal solution. In this paper we propose a simplified numerical modelling allowing to simulate both an individual grounding system and a set of grounding systems interconnected by bare or insulated conductors (example: grounding circuit of a wind farm). This modelling using the electromagnetic topological formalism for a complex network, which is composed of towers and buried conductors, is developed from the theory of transmission lines (TL) and makes it possible to consider the variation of soil electrical parameters with frequency. To validate this model, we compare our calculation results for Ground Potential Rise (GPR) with those recently published in the literature.

Beside the radiated immunity test with continuous wave signals, devices might also react to other excitations, e.g. band limited white noise signals. For this purpose, an anechoic chamber appears to be an evident testing environment for broadband immunity, because these signals do not get distorted by the properties of the chamber. In comparison, reverberation chambers offer some advantages for immunity tests, making it a desirable alternative environment. However, the reverberation chamber builds up on statistical processes, so the reflections at the walls lead to significant distortions of the excitation signal. This work presents a comparison of the electromagnetic fields inside a semi anechoic and a reverberation chamber with regard to the resulting distortion when excited with band limited white noise signals with center frequencies at 250 MHz, 600 MHz and 950 MHz, each with a bandwidth of 100 MHz.

This paper shows, using time-domain measurements performed at different frequencies, that repetitive stirring patterns of a VIRC can be detected using a simple time-domain autocorrelation performed over several seconds. In order to obtain a large effective sample size (or in other terms a large number of independent samples), it is of vital importance to break this repetitive pattern. The results which are presented show that the fact to excite a VIRC similarly at different points leads to VIRC poor performance. It is therefore imperative to break this periodical pattern in order to ensure high VIRC performance.

This paper is an extension of a simulation study done in [1] to confirm the findings that a stirrer design can improve a Reverberation chamber's lowest usable frequency (LUF) and overall uniform field distribution in practice. This paper focuses on the comparison of the performance parameters of the three SARAO reverberation chambers with different stirrer designs, assessed by the IEC calibration procedure. By calibrating the chambers, it allowed the comparison of the results based on the particular stirrer-to-chamber volume ratio which led to confirmation that the chamber performance can be optimized by implementing a correct-sized stirrer design.

This study investigates the performance of a reverberation chamber under random boundary conditions with a uniform field distribution to take into account the irregularities of the wall, in particular at high frequencies as millimeter band. Wall irregularities cause more randomize field inside the chamber than a perfect electric conductor. An FDTD code is optimized to simulate a random boundaries based reverberation chamber with a stirrer. The number of uncorrelated positions are evaluated by using the mode stirrer to characterize random boundaries, and thus bringing a more chaotic behavior inside the chamber. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistical analysis further exhibits that the chamber’s field distribution aligns well with theoretical expectations. Results point out the suitability of a reverberation chamber for electromagnetic compatibility tests and wireless device characterization in the millimeter band, where the walls are not ideal. These findings reinforce the effectiveness of reverberation chambers in controlled electromagnetic environments.

A technique for analyzing the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of low-orbit mega-constellations (LOMC) with terrestrial radio systems is developed. The technique is based on estimating the power flux density (PFD) at the Earth's surface of radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation generated by satellites of mega-constellation. The initial data for the assessment of PFD are the system characteristics of mega-constellation: the height of orbital shells, the number of satellites in one shell, the capacity of space-to-Earth channels, the parameters of antennas of satellites, user earth stations (UES), and gateway earth stations (GES). The developed technique has been applied to analyze the EMC of a LOMC with radio relay communication links (RRL) that uses frequencies in the band 17.7–19.3 GHz on a secondary basis. It has been established that with an increase in the number of satellites and gateway earth stations in a LOMC, the probability of interference created by LOMCs to the functioning of RRL decreases due to the increasing of the elevation angle of satellites connecting with GES and the spatial selection of satellite radiation by RRL antennas. However, the increase in the number of deployed LOMC requires tightening the operating rules for each of them to ensure EMC with terrestrial radio systems.

MnZn inductors are widely used in electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) to suppress electromagnetic interference (EMI). In real operating conditions, the temperature of MnZn cores can increase significantly. However, manufacturers and literature provide limited information about the temperature-dependent behavior of inductors and core materials over frequency. This paper investigates a MnZn core by measuring its complex permeability, complex permittivity, and impedance over frequency at discrete temperatures from 20°C to 120°C. Moreover, MnZn inductors experience strong electromagnetic coupling due to surrounding elements, which are challenging to consider through traditional circuit simulations. In this context, 3D full-wave simulation tools are emerging as a promising solution to take into account near-field electromagnetic couplings. This work novelly applies a small-signal inductor 3D simulation methodology to achieve accurate results up to 1 GHz under varying temperature conditions.

This paper investigates the statistical characterization of complex electromagnetic environments (EMEs), which often resemble "good but imperfect" reverberation chambers (RCs). Traditional RC models typically assume ideal reverberant conditions, leading to discrepancies when applied to real-world EME field distributions. Inspired by the analogy between these EMEs and "good but imperfect" RCs, we assess the performance of various statistical models from the literature that aim to characterize the field distribution within these complex EMEs. The statistical models examined and compared are derived from wireless communication systems and RC theory. We utilized electric field measurement data from two buildings with different wall materials—steel and sheetrock/aluminum—with ultra-wideband measurements ranging from 2 to 8 GHz. This research highlights the limitations of traditional ideal RC models while demonstrating the promise of a proposed bivariate approach for “good but imperfect” RC, providing a more accurate and physically interpretable characterization of complex EMEs. The findings of this study contribute to the advancement of methods for characterizing complex EMEs, potentially improving the design and testing of electronic systems for electromagnetic compatibility.

In reverberation chamber studies, time series have been used to model field correlations induced by stirring processes. Traditionally, linear time series (LTS) models were applied even for rotating stirrers, despite their limitations. Recent work [1] introduced a circular time series (CTS) model that more accurately captures the behavior of rotating stirrers. This paper extends the CTS model by deriving its associated probability density function (PDF) and presents a revised PDF expression better suited for linear stirrers. The revised PDF significantly improves upon models commonly used in the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) community. By deriving the lag-1 correlation coefficient PDF for both rotating and linear stirrers, this work provides more appropriate statistical descriptions of stirring-induced correlations. The proposed framework enhances the accuracy and applicability of time-series models in reverberation chamber studies, and the theoretical results are validated through experimental measurements.

In this study, the variation of resonant frequencies in a vibrating intrinsic reverberation chamber (VIRC) is investigated as a metric for evaluating mode-stirring strategies. A method is presented that correlates the variation of the first three resonant modes with changes in the geometric dimensions of a rectangular cavity. Therefore, undesired uneven directional changes in the boundary condition can easily be found, which can be used to further optimize the stirring strategy. These may remain undetected by use of conventional metrics due to the influence of positional stirring. Using this approach, practical measurements were performed to assess the impact of different stirring strategies on the efficiency of the mode-stirring process. A good correspondence with the theoretical predictions of the cavity resonator theory was observed. It was found that the variation of resonant frequencies can be used to predict stirring performance in the overmoded regime, where conventional methods based on field uniformity are commonly employed. The results demonstrate that an effective stirring strategy should involve dimensional changes in all spatial directions. Additionally, experiments have shown that the insertion of a mechanical mode-stirrer moves the first resonance frequency of a cavity resonator downwards and thus influences the effective dimensions of the cavity.

Pulsed radiated susceptibility tests based on the measured absorption cross section ratio has been performed on a EUT within a reverberation chamber. The ACSR is used to identify frequencies where the absorption of the EUT is high. Whether the ratios of the ASCR together with a single susceptibility level can be used to infer the EUT’s behaviour over a wider frequency band or not is investigated.

This paper proposes a method for reducing harmonic noise in wireless power transfer (WPT) systems using reflected impedance. In a conventional WPT system, DC power is supplied to the transmitting coil through an inverter, generating a time-varying magnetic field that induces voltage in the receiving coil. However, due to the operation of the inverter and rectifier, a square wave voltage is generated, which contains not only the fundamental frequency component but also multiple harmonic components. These harmonic voltage components can cause unwanted harmonic noise, leading to electromagnetic interference (EMI) issues. Therefore, a method is required to effectively suppress harmonic components while maintaining the fundamental frequency characteristics. In this study, a harmonic noise reduction technique utilizing reflected impedance is proposed for an SS topology-based WPT system. Additional inductance (L) and capacitance (C) are introduced to adjust the impedance characteristics at both the operating and harmonic frequencies. The proposed method is theoretically analyzed, and its effectiveness is validated through simulations. The results demonstrate that the system's power transfer efficiency (PTE) is increased by 0.2%, and harmonic current components are significantly reduced.

In this work, the goal is to characterize PCB-based passive resonators, fabricated to work in a 4×4 array with the aim of mitigating the magnetic leakage in dynamic wireless electric vehicle (EV) charging systems. The array of resonators is configured in a 2D layout, and it consists of spirals having rectangular shape which will be activated through inductive coupling with the nearby dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT) system. Current research for low-frequency magnetic shielding in this area is limited. The solution proposed in this research is lightweight, cost-efficient and adjustable with magnetic shielding purposes. Hence, since the system is narrowband, the tuning capacitance values play a crucial role in the DWPT system. Consequently, this work concerns measuring the performance of the single resonator’s resonance frequency, which for magnetic shielding purposes needs to be as accurate as possible.

This study analyzes the high-frequency characterization of Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer (DWPT) coils for electric vehicles (EVs), focusing on frequency dependent resistance, inductance, and parasitic capacitance. Using FEM simulations and experimental measurements by an LCR meter, key parameters such as AC resistance of a Litz wire coil and inter-winding and ground capacitances are extracted to model coil behavior. The Vector Fitting (VF) method is applied to develop an accurate equivalent circuit with time constant parameters over a wide frequency range.

This paper investigates the impact of resonant reactive shielding on both, the magnetic field emissions and efficiency of a wireless power transfer (WPT) system for electric vehicles. The shield coil is designed, built, and analyzed through CST simulations and experimental validation in a semi-anechoic chamber using an SAE J2954-compliant test setup at 3.7 kW. The influence of the shield coil position on max. attenuation is determined, showing that an optimal attenuation of nearly 15 dB occurs at a specific height, with good qualitative agreement between simulation and measurement with respect to the required resonance capacitance and the shield coil height. The shielding effect is most pronounced in the x- and z-directions. The best field attenuation reduces the efficiency of the WPT system by approximately 4%. Additionally, it is shown that the shield coil does not necessarily need to be mounted on the vehicle, which would cause higher weights and require expensive space. Max. shielding effectiveness can also be achieved, when the shielding coils are embedded into the ground assembly (GA).

Increasing near-field couplings due to miniaturization and increasing switching frequency due to new GaN and SiC transistor technologies pose new challenges in the EMC field. In this context, 3D FEM simulation is a valuable tool to prevent potential issues. This paper investigates 3D FEM simulation of CMCs by applying an accurate simulation methodology previously tested in single-winding inductors. The research is conducted in small-signal and room temperature conditions up to 1GHz, the highest frequency reached in the literature. To ensure the generality of the study, three cores of different materials were investigated (MnZn, NiZn and nanocrystalline). Their electromagnetic properties were extracted, and finally, how they influence the common and differential modes modeling of CMCs was studied.

Common mode chokes (CMCs) are conventional circuit elements performing several tasks, including noise suppression, hindering electromagnetic interference, providing signal integrity, and circuit protection. Much as they are widely used, their fundamental construction and description are often qualitative and lack an understanding of the underlying physical principles. We discuss the behavior of a commercial CMC based on the physical description of the superparamagnetic core and parasitic circuit elements. The results are validated using a DC bias current and an external magnetic field, which affect the magnetic properties. The behavior of the CMCs in the strongly non-linear regime is also described.

Common mode chokes (CMC) are widely used passive components to suppress conducted electromagnetic interferences. Models for such components are needed to simulate the electromagnetic compatibility behaviour of an electrical circuit. A state of the art strategy for modelling common mode chokes is the use of behavioural models. These models consist of circuits constructed of resistors, capacitors and inductances, based on the common and differential mode impedance of the CMC being modelled. Normally, the modelling strategy (network topology and value approximation) is designed for a specific type of CMC with a certain impedance characteristic. In this work, a novel approach based on a genetic algorithm is presented to generate models for any type of CMC across a broad frequency

range.

The results show that with this approach, CMC with different characteristics can be modelled very accurately in frequency ranges from as low as 40 Hz up to 1 GHz. The new strategy provides improved results compared to other strategies at low computational cost.

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) tends to be more numerous today due to the current trend in electronics. In addition, designers are becoming increasingly aware of equipment efficiency and thermal management, especially in switched-mode power supplies (SMPS). In most designs, a heatsink is used to reduce the temperature of the components. In addition, a sheet thermal interface material (TIM) is used to provide electrical insulation between the switching component and the heatsink. TIM improves the thermal conductivity too. However, the combination of heatsink and TIM is a source of EMI due to the generation of parasitic capacities. Therefore, in this study, EMI caused by common-mode (CM) currents generated when a heatsink is used to reduce the temperature of the mosfet is investigated. This study aims to evaluate a solution based on a hybrid material to reduce thermal and EMC problems. The proposed experimental solution is a combination of TIM agnd copper sheets. The study will be carried out by measuring the CM currents on a DC-DC boost converter. It will evaluate how it influences the use of the heatsink with TIM and the proposed hybrid solution.

In this contribution, physical bounds on the time-domain (TD) response of a linear time-invariant (LTI) system are briefly discussed regarding selected applications in electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). An illustrative example describing a worst-case bound on the plane-wave shielding performance of a planar conductive layer is presented.

This paper presents a comprehensive methodology for determining the shielding effectiveness of planar dielectric materials at microwave frequencies. The approach integrates the extraction of high-frequency electromagnetic parameters (permittivity and permeability) using a rectangular waveguide technique with theoretical SE calculations, direct shielding effectiveness measurements via a modified ASTM D4935-18 coaxial sample holder, and finite element method simulations. Two distinct planar dielectric composite materials are characterized. Their complex permittivity and permeability, measured over the frequency range of 8.2 GHz to 12.4 GHz, are used to predict their shielding effectiveness theoretically. These predictions are subsequently validated against experimental measurements conducted from 1.5 GHz to 10 GHz using the coaxial sample holder, as well as against full-wave electromagnetic simulations. The results demonstrate strong concordance across the theoretical, experimental, and simulation approaches, validating the proposed framework for shielding effectiveness assessment and highlighting the impact of material dielectric losses on shielding performance. This work provides a robust procedure for characterizing and predicting the performance of thin and flexible dielectric materials.

Shielding Effectiveness (SE) measurement techniques for shielded enclosures with apertures and shielding covers have been a topic of research for quite some time now. Minimizing the measurement time was achieved by transitioning from anechoic chambers to reverberation chambers. The nested reverberation chamber technique was then introduced, which has been well established over the years for doing SE measurements but requires multiple antennas and stirrers within the outer and inner chambers. Recent studies have sought to minimize the use of multiple antennas and stirrers within the inner chamber to measure the shielding effectiveness of physically small but electrically large enclosures of dimensions comparable to λ/4 , as having sensors inside such enclosures is often difficult in more realistic scenarios at frequencies in the GHz range. This paper builds upon this line of thought and extends the method of estimating shielding effectiveness for electrically large enclosures to include material samples such as metal sheets with holes, ventilation ducts used in Faraday Cages and other such samples which are "imperfect" shields but are commonly employed in realistic scenarios.

Transfer impedance (Zt) is a key parameter for evaluating coaxial and data cable shielding effectiveness (SE). Standard measurement methods, such as injection and triaxial methods, are widely used. However, this paper focuses on an experimental approach based on the principles described in two scientific studies [1], [2], which have not been described in detail outside the sources cited. The proposed method uses direct signal injection through a precisely dimensioned transmission channel and analyzes the phase relationship of two S-parameters - the reflection coefficient and forward gain. This approach allows for efficient and reliable Zt determination without modifying the tested cables. The method was extended to include the possibility of measuring data cables in this study, thus expanding its application area. The experiment included measurements of different types and lengths of coaxial cables, while a selected type was tested for data cables. The results confirm that the presented method provides consistent and reproducible Zt values with the potential for further development for a broader range of cable structures.

We present a detailed study of short versus long pulses in reverberation chambers (RC). Understanding their behaviour in RC should contribute to reliable EMC testing with pulsed signals. To this end, we analyse amplitude and shape of pulses averaged over stirrer positions as a function of chamber loading for different frequencies. While the amplitude essentially corresponds to theoretical expectations, there are unexpected features in the shape especially for short pulses.

This paper aims at improving the lowest usable frequency (LUF) of a mode-stirred chamber. To characterize a standard-sized chamber, a 5:1 scaled-down chamber is designed to simplify testing of modifications to the chamber. In the proposed method, varactor tuned resonators are used in the mode-stirred chamber to generate additional modes at frequencies between the first resonant mode and the LUF, where the chamber has a low mode density. This method can be used for emission measurements of a device under test (DUT). The field homogeneity in the working volume of the scaled-down chamber is measured mainly from 400 MHz to 1000 MHz (actual chamber: 80 MHz to 200 MHz).

Mode stirrers are typically used to change the boundary conditions when performing measurements in reverberation chambers (RCs). A major concern arises in determining the number of independent realizations or, equivalently, the effective sample size (Neff) obtained during stirrer rotations. A significant effort has been put into determining the effective sample size in the literature, leading to the proposal of numerous methods. However, those methods yield different estimations for Neff, which does not allow a clear diagnosis. This paper aims to provide an empirical estimation based on the average of the standard deviation over the mean estimation in relation to the central limit theorem (CLT). It is confronted with different theoretical models in the literature. Finally, it is confirmed that the spatial correlation of data series provides a better estimation than all other methods.

Accurate characterization of electromagnetic radiation from electrical devices in the cm-wave frequency bands is more important than ever given the proposed extension of the 6G spectrum in the 7-15GHz frequency range and continued use of the 8-12GHz band. This paper enables measurements from 8GHz to 12GHz within a tabletop reverberation chamber with a maximal electrical size of 32λ. Total radiated power measurements show that good field uniformity is achieved in the chamber as indicated by a standard deviation of the chamber transfer function of less than 0.40dB across the entire range. The chamber decay time is at all times above 0.10μs and shows large similarity between measurement realizations. Antenna efficiency is shown to be accurately estimated, provided that the antennas are directed away from the stirrers.

Reverberation chambers serve a critical function in assessing the performance of wireless communication systems by providing controlled testing environments. A key aspect of this evaluation is the manipulation of the Rician K-factor within these chambers. The primary challenge arises from the inherently low values of the Rician K-factor, which require deliberate adjustments to accurately simulate real-world communication conditions.

Traditionally, the tuning of the Rician K-factor involves the introduction of lossy elements, which decrease the quality factor of the chamber and necessitate additional costs for amplification to sustain the desired electromagnetic field intensity. An alternative approach focuses on the selection of electromagnetic states within the chamber, which does not significantly alter the field amplitude but may affect its statistical properties. The proposed method represents a trade-off between these two strategies, enabling a reduction in amplification costs while preserving the statistical property of the electromagnetic field distribution to remain Rician.

This method has been successfully implemented across different chamber configurations and has been explored in various frequency ranges.

The efficient computation of higher-order modes in multiconductor transmission lines is crucial, as these modes alter the distribution of TEM modes and increase cross-talk, affecting electromagnetic compatibility and signal integrity in high-frequency circuits. Traditional numerical methods face challenges in handling large-scale eigenvalue problems due to increasing computational complexity. Quantum computing offers a promising alternative by leveraging quantum principles such as superposition and entanglement to solve large eigenvalue problems more efficiently than classical solvers. In this work, we explore the variational quantum eigensolver as a quantum-assisted method for waveguide modal analysis. Starting from the Helmholtz equation for TM modes, we discretize the system using the finite difference method, map the Hamiltonian onto the Pauli basis, and implement the VQE with a hardware-efficient ansatz optimized via BFGS on the Qiskit statevector simulator of IBM. As a test case, we analyze a shielded stripline. The quantum eigensolver successfully computes the first two TM modes and their cutoff frequencies while reconstructing the Ez and Ex field distributions at 1 GHz. This preliminary study shows the feasibility of quantum algorithms for solving large eigenvalue problems in computational electromagnetics where classical computing can fail, opening new possibilities for the efficient analysis of shielded multiconductor transmission lines, where higher-order modes significantly impact cross-talk and signal integrity. Future work will focus on scaling this approach to analyze multiconductor propagation in complex transmission-line structures.

This paper investigates the performance of three hierarchical matrix (H-matrix) formats for modeling electromagnetic devices using the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) and the Augmented EFIE (A-EFIE) formulation. These methods are applied to a benchmark problem, the single-ended microstrip transmission line, to evaluate their efficiency in terms of memory usage and accuracy.

A passive and inherent stable modal equivalent circuit for microstrip structures is presented. The layered media of the microstrip structure is modelled using dyadic Green's functions derived by the discrete complex imaging method (DCIM). Based on the partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) equation system an eigenvalue problem is set up to obtain the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of this system. From which a fast converging, passive and inherent stable equivalent circuit is derived. Such an equivalent circuit can be easily connected with other network elements (active/passive and linear/non-linear) or via models, allowing a seamless integrated system analysis. Simulations in the frequency and time domain confirm the validity of the proposed method very well.

A new method for converting a discrete field description of a system by the finite element method (FEM) into an equivalent-circuit representation based on modal analysis is presented. This new approach allows to include dispersive materials with frequency-dependent dielectric losses over the whole considered bandwidth. To account for the frequency-dependent permittivity which is described by a Debye model, the previous modal network representation of the system is extended by additional modal coupling elements. The passivity of the additional modal coupling elements ensures the inherent stability of the system. The proposed method is validated by a complex example structure in the frequency and time domain.

This paper describes the formulation of an alternative accelerated approach for the characteristic mode analysis (CMA). The approach provides the same results as the conventional CMA for the modes that are resonant in the considered bandwidth. However, the necessary computational effort is significantly reduced due to the considerably smaller system size, which enables a CMA analysis over a wide frequency range. This allows a targeted broadband EMC analysis, which is demonstrated by examining the immunity behavior of an example system.

The attenuation of common-mode (CM) currents, insofar as their generation itself cannot be avoided, is one of the most fundamental tasks in Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC). Particularly, CM currents can lead to considerable radiated and conducted emissions. Here, the use of magnetic cores has proven to be effective. However, established EMC measures usually have disadvantages in terms of costs, space, weight as well as practical implementability. As a potentially superior alternative, a new type of absorptive low-pass CM filter layer is investigated in this work. Extensive 3D full-wave simulations of a simple multi-conductor arrangement are being performed in order to optimize the CM surface resistance based on the skin as well as proximity effect, without unduly affecting the differential mode (DM). The initial results are promising. A patent is currently pending.

The performance of electromagnetic interference (EMI) filters is often degraded due to mode conversion, which can arise from imbalance due to the non-idealities of the filters themselves. To quantify and address this issue, this paper presents circuit models of EMI filters in the modal domain, including parasitics. The analysis is therefore developed entirely in the modal domain, where mode conversion contributions are represented by induced controlled sources. The models not only illustrate how small imbalances lead to unwanted common mode and differential mode noise, but also provide a physical interpretation for mode conversion at circuit level. The accuracy of the models is validated by comparison with traditional analysis in the SPICE solver. Finally, a statistical analysis is conducted to assess the impact of tolerances of real filter components on mode conversion.

This paper introduces a tunable decoupling network (DN) designed to mitigate radio frequency interference (RFI) from high-speed connectors. The DN incorporates two different couplers, a phase shifter, and an attenuator to suppress common-mode (CM) noise that may interfere with nearby antennas. Signal flow graph analysis was employed to derive the design equations for achieving CM noise cancellation. A practical implementation of the DN demonstrates its effectiveness, and the measurement results of the DN show 14 dB of CM noise suppression at 2.5 GHz. While a USB Type-A connector is used as demonstration in this paper, the principle of this DN is broadly applicable to various connector types.

Band-stop filters are sometimes used to replace bulky low-pass filters in specific applications, particularly with frequencies up to 150 kHz. The use of a tunable capacitor could greatly improve the performance of such band-stop filters, by tuning its resonant frequency. Tunable capacitors are widely utilized in radio-communication systems but are therefore designed specifically for high-frequency and low-power applications. However, the use of these specific components for EMC applications below 150 kHz is not possible since it focuses on low-frequency and high-power systems. Multilayer ceramic capacitors could be well suited for such applications because they can provide high capacitance values, high voltage ratings, and exhibit significant reduction in capacitance when a DC bias voltage is applied. This generally unwanted capacitor property will be explored in this study for its potency to influence the resonance frequency of a tunable band-stop filter. The capacitors showed a reduction in capacitance of up to 70 % using a bias voltage ranging from 0 V to 40 V. This reduction in capacitance allowed the band-stop filter to achieve a resonance frequency ranging from 87 kHz to 134 kHz with attenuation from 17 dB to 23 dB.

This work deals with behavioural model generation for current or voltage dependent (DC-biased) passive components, namely inductors and capacitors. Key difficulties for DC-biased model generation are highlighted and a suitable model topology is selected. Also, an automated modelling tool has been developed to generate DC-bias dependent models from measurement data for SPICE-style simulators. Difficulties in the process of automated model generation are highlighted and solutions are proposed. Finally, an application case is presented, utilizing a DC-bias dependent inductor model in a simple time domain switching simulation.

A new method is proposed for the generalized distributed capacitance matrix extraction of multi-conductor transmission lines (MTLs) composed of insulated cables based on S-parameter measurements in this paper. The theoretical derivation of the proposed method is presented. Then, a simulation model is established, and the distributed capacitance matrix of the model is extracted according to the proposed method. The terminal responses of the MTLs are calculated according to the distributed parameters extracted through the S-parameter measurements and calculated based on the analytical formula. The calculated results are compared with the simulation results. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method can accurately extract the distributed capacitance matrix of the MTLs. The results also indicate that significant errors are introduced when the analytical formula under wide separation approximation is used to calculate the distributed capacitance matrix of MTLs composed of insulated cables. In contrast, the proposed method is accurate. The proposed method is believed to have strong potential for applications in electromagnetic radiation analysis and field-line coupling of MTLs composed of insulated cables.

Pre-evaluation by simulation is becoming increasingly important to reduce the costs and time in EMC testing. This paper constructs an equivalent circuit of the transmission line constructed with a two-conductor oblique cable and the conductive plane used in the conducted disturbance test. First, the transmission line was approximated using the staircase model, and the equivalent circuit values were determined for each step. Next, the radiation resistance value was determined from the current distribution and the radiated power and embedded in the equivalent circuit. The capacitance value between the connector input and the conductive plate and between the DUT and the conductive plate were then calculated and embedded in the equivalent circuit. The validity of the equivalent circuit was evaluated by comparing the measured and calculated values using mixed-mode-S-parameters. The characteristics of the differential-mode transmission and reflection above 100 MHz agreed with the measured values. For the common-mode characteristics, the calculated resonant frequencies differed from the measured values.

For battery electric vehicles (BEVs), high voltage cables are commonly used in the electric powertrain system. To mitigate the ageing problem of cable shields and decrease the weight of BEVs, unshielded cable harnesses have become popular in the automotive industry. The use of unshielded cables, however, increases the risk of higher crosstalk levels. For the chassis and car body in a BEV, the sheet metals are often overlapping and may be electrically connected or not. This study combines both experimental and numerical investigations, to show that a simulation tool can be used for sensitivity analysis. Regarding the parameters of interest, the simulation results show that for the glue joints only, the variation of gap distance and overlap distance affects the crosstalk level a lot, whereas for overlapping ground planes with glue and flow-drill screw joints, these two parameters have a small effect, even the screw distance’s impact is not pronounced. Compared to the single ground plane, the cable distance and installation height still plays an import role in crosstalk level.

Radiated emissions of in-vehicle equipment are determined by noise sources such as a switching device, a wire harness, and a connector. This paper discusses radiated emissions contribution of the wire harness among these components. Specifically, the shielding characteristics of shielded wire harnesses were evaluated using the triple coaxial method specified in the IEC 62153-4 series. The characteristics were evaluated not only when common mode was applied but also when differential mode was applied. In comparison, the leakage from the shield is higher when common mode is applied, as is generally known. However, the difference between them is only a few dB, depending on the cable. In addition, the radiated emissions from the wire harness were measured. The measurements were performed by modifying the CISPR 25 measurement system to facilitate comparison with the shield characteristics. When the differences between the two types of shielded cables were evaluated, there was a strong correlation between the shield characteristics and the radiated emissions.

Wire-harnesses are an essential element in electromagnetic noise propagation in vehicles, but because many electric wires run parallel and branch, analyzing their propagation is not simple. To solve this, a method is proposed that formally models the branching harness as if it were a single wire bundle by virtually folding the harness at the branching points and other characteristic discontinuity points, providing better analysis prospects

Furthermore, in order to expand the analysis to include radiated emissions, the electromagnetic field is simulated as an incident field induction problem by inverting the transmission and receiving, and the reciprocity theorem is used to determine the emission characteristics, thereby eliminating the need for repeated radiated emission simulations.

The validity of the proposed method has been confirmed using a simple system composed of two lines and comparing the result with an existing circuit simulator and an electromagnetic simulator.

It is well known that correlation between table tests and vehicle tests can differ significantly, mainly depending on the frequency band, the real vehicle architecture and the representativity of the test setup on table compared to the real vehicle cases. This presentation will go through the different steps of the modeling and simulation of conducted emission tests of electric vehicle on-board powertrain chargers in order to compare results on table and on vehicle, to explain why differences can sometimes be very large, how these differences can be reduced, and how the test level requirements on table should be defined.

EMI is a reasonably foreseeable cause of errors, malfunctions or failures in all electronic technologies, which can cause excessive levels of consequential risks to human health, safety, finances, reputation, security, or any other risks that need to be managed.The risk management requirements in the EMCD only address the risks that individual units of manufacture placed on the EU Market might fail to comply with their relevant harmonised EMC standards – if they are ever tested. But they do not address the fact that real-life circumstances can be very different from standard EMC tests, possibly lead to undesirable outcomes. And they do not address the consequences of errors, malfunctions or failures caused by EMI – which can be very significant financially: under the EU’s Product Liability Directive, Civil Courts can award penalties up to 70 billion EUROs (more, in some Member States).

Key components in electric vehicles—such as the Electric Drive Unit (EDU), On-Board Charger (OBC), and DC-DC Converter—are often major sources of both conducted and radiated emissions. As power electronics continue to evolve—with faster switching speeds and higher voltages aimed at improving system efficiency—EMI challenges become increasingly complex. In this presentation, we will introduce practical, high-efficiency troubleshooting techniques used to solve emission problems in high-power ECUs. Drawing from real-world case studies, we’ll also highlight critical design insights gained through hands-on debugging—providing engineers with actionable guidance to improve both design robustness and EMC performance.

This talk gives an overview on the ability and limits of near field scanning and related methods. For example: How to analyze the data? How to only visualize the radiating fields? What are the challenges in scan speed, frequency range, probe design etc.

In this talk, by using near-field scanning and the dynamic differential evolution algorithm, real and complex EMI sources are reconstructed using equivalent dipoles. Artificial intelligence networks are used to predict the near and far fields from an unknown EMI source.

In this presentation, an overview will be given on the current state of the art of adaptive near- and far-field scanning for EMC applications developed by KU Leuven and UGhent. Probe compensation technique to enhance accuracy of EMC near-field scanning is also presented.

Reverberation chambers (RC) are laboratory-controlled electromagnetic environments which can generate statistically uniform fields with known and predictable probability distributions. They are widely used for different electromagnetic compatibility measurements, antenna efficiency estimation, over-the-air tests for wireless systems, and electrical characterization of materials, among other uses and applications. What are the basic principles of operation of RCs? How to model and predict the distribution of the fields in a RC? This presentation will provide some basic though fundamental answers to these questions and, hopefully, also trigger a renewed interest for these intriguing and useful chambers.

This presentation will cover multiple aspects of performing radiated emission measurements using a portable reverberation chamber a.k.a. VIRC. The theoretical background along with practical experimental procedures will be presented revealing the advantages of using such a structure for radiated emission tests in comparison to conventional test sites.

The complexity of modern electronics in automobiles, necessitates meticulous EMC testing to ensure that these components can coexist without causing or experiencing disruptive interference. ISO 11452-1 specifies general test conditions, definitions, practical use, and basic principles of a Vehicle test for electrical disturbances from narrowband radiated electromagnetic energy and part 11 holds specifics for component testing in reverberation chambers. In this presentation, general reverberant test techniques will be discussed along with advantages and disadvantages of the newly proposed test techniques in the standard.

The need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in transportation is a crucial issue for the coming years. The contribution of electric propulsion to both the automotive and aeronautical sectors is undeniable, but it also creates challenges for EMC engineers. Standardizing these systems is essential to ensure user safety. Both fields are advancing in ways that are sometimes similar, sometimes different, and exchanges between the two must be strengthened to share best practices and resources.

ISO/TC22/SC32/WG2 is the standardization group which deals with EMC automotive immunity standards. Both vehicle and component tests are considered. During the last 3 years, experts of the group focused on updating ESD standards, immunity to onboard transmitters with new calibration method and reverberation chamber. This paper will show main evolutions and explain why they have been developed.

Electronic architectures and technologies are evolving rapidly in the automotive industry in order to support the transformation related to ADAS and to electrification in particular. The consequences on EMC are then important in terms of frequency band to cover, test methods and connection with other disciplines such as Safety. In this presentation we propose to review these megatrends and discuss how this directly affects the activity ongoing in the international EMC standardization committees (ISO / CISPR).

Machine learning methods are not magic, but they are not a black box either. Let’s discover how to use them “intelligently” for EMC applications.

Lightning strikes can lead to financial losses and operational disruptions in power plants. Knowing what to expect is key to reliability and safety. Machine learning provides a fast and effective tool for estimating impacts and guiding protection system design.

The influence of system parameters and other challenges to analyze Analog Active EMI Filters (AAEFs) is overlooked, Valeo will present the assessment of the implications of eDrive system parameters on the performance of AAEFs.

Stability analysis of active EMI filters (AEF) and its feedback is the most important step during the design process. It defines the achievable insertion loss and the possible reduction of the passive filter. Several topologies will be presented and analyzed.

TE Connectivity will showcase the trends and challenges related to Analog Active EMI filters (AAEF) in three-phase AC and DC motor drives, focusing on measurement verification. AAEF features go beyond just reducing common-mode noise.

This part of the workshop will focus on theoretical background and general principles of AEF circuits in terms of sensing, injection and control techniques with a practical circuit realizations using a Texas Instruments standalone AEF ICs for CM noise cancellation.

Introduction to the new test methods including shaft CE(conducted emission), shaft RE(radiated emission) and shaft CA(coupling attenuation) to reduce EV inverter noise since motor shaft and driving axle could be one of dominant propagation path in vehicle level RE problem.

EMC simulations are often lacking input data, for example, material properties. In Volvo Cars, we have initiated and established state-of-the-art material characterization laboratory. It enables us to perform the permeability of ferromagnetic materials and the permittivity of dielectric materials. In this presentation, we will show some study cases that use measured material properties in EMC simulations.

The presentation explores EMC and EMF safety considerations in Wireless Power Transfer systems for electric vehicles. It highlights potential interference with automotive electronics and assesses human exposure to EMF in line with international safety standards. Key strategies for mitigating EMC issues and ensuring compliance with EMF exposure limits are discussed to promote safe WPT deployment. Shielding techniques based on additional coils are presented and discussed to avoid any degradation of the WPT efficiency.

Time is a critical Industrial parameter for near-field measurement. This presentation illustrates how measurement time can be significantly reduced by using the adaptive measurement approach (SSAS algorithm) while ensuring very good measurement accuracy.

This talk presents an adaptive near-field acquisition approach that employs iterative on-the-fly (OTF) scanning guided by Gaussian Process Regression with Bayesian optimization, enabling high-speed, high-resolution near-field measurements for large-scale EMC testing.

Good and reliable statistics require many samples, so fast rotating stirrers and electric field probes with a high sampling rate are needed. Fortunately, such field probes have been available for about a decade, allowing direct control of the field strength during immunity testing. We will demonstrate this method, which is also standardized in ISO 11451-5.

The talk will cover measurements of materials, cables, and enclosures including circuit board level enclosures. The statistical nature of the measurements and dynamic range limitations will be emphasized.

Wireless devices and systems are nowadays facing very complex propagation conditions, far away from traditional free space. The talk shows how a reverberation chamber is capable of providing a reliable environment for wireless system OTA tests. The highly multipath characteristics of the RC can be tuned (values of the Time delay spread, Rician K-factor, etc.) to replicate real life propagation characteristics ranging from outdoor to indoor environments.

An overview of the problematic management of Lightening and HIRF for equipment will be provided, incorporating a projection that considers the new constraints related to the energy efficiency of new mobility solutions. Additionally, a focus on the methods & standards for measuring the EM shielding effectiveness of materials will be discussed.

The electrification of propulsion in aeronautics presents new challenges in terms of standardization and certification. Indeed, with the increase in on-board power due to the increase in voltage and frequency spectra that are increasingly rich in harmonics, EMC and these protections must meet these new constraints, and standardized tests must also adapt to them.

The objective of this roundtable is to build on the presentations made before opening the debate with the audience on the major themes that will emerge. The presenters will be able to support and expand on their ideas, while the audience will in turn be able to react and together provide answers to the questions raised.

The talk presents an overview of Power Balance methods, and stochastic electromagnetic (EM) techniques applied across multiple domains, from wireless applications to High-Intensity Radiated Fields (HIRF). The research demonstrates how these methodologies can be effectively utilized for Intentional Electromagnetic Interference (IEMI) evaluation in aircraft and critical infrastructure environments.

The signal integrity of new, higher speed digital interconnects using PAM4 modulation to reduce bandwidth are more susceptible to voltage noise – including electromagnetic interference (EMI) from the noisy operating environment in an automobile or electric powered aircraft. This presentation will show how the time domain statistics of Radiated Immunity environments in a vehicle can be predicted by Stochastic Power Balance modeling and combined with the interconnect random voltage noise sources in a co-simulation that provides a robust prediction of the channel bit error rate probability density distribution.

The development of ever more powerful power-drive is a real challenge if we combined weight and volume constraints with EMC compliance. We propose to present an overview of CM noise emission level measurements on several power-drive and according to the operating point.

We propose a brief overview of digital active filtering technologies. The filters performance, applied to DC/DC converters and motor drive inverters, is discussed and compared with other methods. An outlook on future developments for improved filter performance is given.