Conference Agenda

Semi-anechoic chambers are one of the basic tools for assessing electromagnetic compatibility. They are used not only to assess compliance with the requirements of standards harmonized with the EMC directive, but also to improve electronic devices, e.g. to reduce radiated emissions or improve their immunity to external electromagnetic fields. Testing to various phenomena requires re-arrangement of the chamber, especially daily disassembly of absorbers, which is not only time-consuming, but also, due to the weight of ferrite absorbers, for example, may also pose a threat to the health of research personnel. The actors asked themselves whether, due to the optional use of floor absorbers, their use during immunity tests could be excluded or limited. The article shows how the floor absorbers affect the electromagnetic field uniformity in semi-anechoic chambers for fast set-up rearrangement used for pre-compliance tests.

This paper presents a novel technique for the measurement of complex permittivity of dielectric materials using samples of arbitrary shape and size. Traditional methods for the use of measuring dielectrics have historically required either large, flat samples of a material, or the material to be in powder form. This is limiting when it comes to modern applications, or in the study of archaeological objects. Our approach, based on Resonant Cavity Perturbation theory (RCP), allows for the measurement of small, irregularly shaped samples by combining perturbations from three orthogonal modes in a cuboid cavity. We validate this technique by measuring various materials such as polymers and woods, the results of which demonstrate the effectiveness of the technique in providing reliable dielectric readings at microwave frequencies. This method may be particularly useful in the non-destructive characterization of archeological objects, or in the characterization of new materials.

This paper investigates the manufacturability of PMC-based heatsinks containing arrays of pins with more complex geometries, offering an alternative to conventional PMC surfaces with cylindrical pins having a circular cross-section. For this purpose, truncated cone-shaped pin geometries are considered in the designs to achieve the PMC surface characteristics, and the SLS technique is applied for the first time in the manufacturing of the proposed PMC-based heatsinks. Moreover, the simulation results of the PMC-based heatsinks with truncated cone-shaped pins are compared with those of the PMC-based heatsinks with cylindrical pin arrangements, considering the bandgap limit values. Finally, the simulation results of the PMC-based heatsinks with truncated cone-shaped pins are verified through measurements in the frequency range of interest.

In order to fulfill the specific requirements of Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) test applications operating in the 15 to 43.5 GHz frequency range, in terms of the half-power beamwidth of the radiation pattern, a modular design of a dual-ridged horn antenna is presented. The optimized on-axis transition from a coaxial RF connector into a circular waveguide ensures very broadband performance in terms of reflection coefficient and avoids major excitation of unwanted radiation modes. The transition itself and two exchangeable radiators provide three different radiation patterns, which were optimized in terms of constant beamwidth and symmetric radiation pattern over the frequency range. The geometries of the antenna designs are detailed in three orthogonal cross-sections, with a description of the most relevant parts. The horn antenna, made using waveguide technology, provides very low loss and high-power handling. The formula to estimate peak-power handling, based on electromagnetic simulations within environmental conditions, is provided and was used to increase the power handling by a factor of 4 by simple geometry adjustment in the most critical part of the antenna. The simulation results of reflection coefficient, radiation pattern, and radiation efficiency are confirmed by prototype measurements with a very good match of the results. The antenna parameters are used in the estimation of RF performance of Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) and Susceptibility (EMS) test systems using realistic parameters of RF components and test instruments.

The behavior of RF current probes in simulated real usage conditions is considered, for what regards non-linearity and saturation in presence of large low-frequency current intensity. A setup is described that allows the testing of variable bias conditions with RF probes in nominal zero air-gap and increased air-gap configurations. The tested units show an unaltered frequency response with additional 200-300 μm air-gap under DC bias currents of 100 A to 200 A. Distortion by-products are negligible and at the limit of the used instrumentation

The trend towards the densification of electronics boards is made possible by the use of increasingly miniaturized and integrated components. However, in the case of developing a product that handles sensitive information, these densification strategies conflict with the

addition of numerous filtering components ensuring compliance with certain information security standards, such as those known under the code name "TEMPEST". In this article, the possibility of observing the activity of an electronic board on its main power supply, in the absence of specific filter, leading to a breach of TEMPEST standards, will be highlighted.

This work considers the aggregation of conducted emissions in the supraharmonic range below 150 kHz originating from a set of wireless power converters for electric vehicle (EV) charging. Such converters are all fed by a common DC grid, representing a promising architecture to allow the increase of EV penetration while better controlling distortion and stability. A network of three WPT converters is analysed under varying alignment, load, and synchronization conditions. The analysis demonstrates that the aggregation of emissions from multiple converters can be effectively managed through careful design of the DC grid, minimizing interference and maintaining overall system stability. Additionally, the results emphasize the significance of accounting for both the coupling coefficient and load conditions to reduce distortion and enhance the performance of the system.

This study examines the impact of noise components on electromagnetic interference (EMI) in mobile communication equipment. The increasing performance and proliferation of electronic devices have intensified the issue of EMI caused by electromagnetic noise from these devices. In particular, harmonic noise generated by digital circuits extends over a wide frequency range. This raises concerns about its potential interference with wireless communication. However, the protection ratio for wireless communication interference is typically specified based on the assumption that interference is a continuous signal generated by the same modulation scheme as the desired signal or Gaussian noise, which may result in unexpected interference effects when actual interfering signal does not meet the above assumption.

In this study, we analyzed the impact of noise spectral components on EMI characteristics in long-term evolution (LTE) communication, an orthogonal frequency-division multiplex (OFDM) based system, using an experimental evaluation environment. The results demonstrate that the impact of harmonic noise on receiver sensitivity depends on the interference frequency. In some cases, the minimum receiver sensitivity degrades more severely than in the presence of white noise that has the same power. These findings suggest that in systems requiring high reliability, EMC countermeasures should account for specific noise spectral components to ensure robust communication performance.

This research aims to implement an SDR-based monitoring system capable of both wideband scanning (Sweep mode) and detailed real-time analysis (Real-Time mode). The main objective is to develop an efficient solution for radio signal detection and characterization, combining the flexibility of software processing with the hardware performance of SDR.

This study presents a process for the detection and characterization of radio signals by combining wideband scanning with detailed real-time analysis. In the first stage, a 125 MHz range with a 25% overlap was used to identify areas of intense electromagnetic activity, and later switched to a 25 MHz range for accurate analysis without data loss.

The experiments also included the analysis of a frequency hopping radio station, demonstrating the ability of SDR to detect dynamic transmissions and identify the frequency patterns used. The results confirm the advantages of SDR in spectrum monitoring, providing both wide coverage and precise detail of the signals of interest.

Rails constitute the primary component of the return circuit, enabling the return of traction current to substations. However, they are not perfectly isolated from the ground. The ballast presents a finite impedance, resulting in leakage currents into the soil due to conductive coupling. This phenomenon causes the apparition of rail-to-ground voltages, which may be dangerous upon contact for maintenance agents intervening on the tracks or on any equipment that uses rails as earthing system. Assessing and keeping these voltages below normative thresholds constitutes one of the main challenges in recent infrastructure dimensioning projects within the French framework. This paper aims to present the main challenges associated with rail-to-ground voltages in 25kV alternating current electrification and to present technical solutions for their mitigation. This analysis is conducted in the context of a dimensioning project for French railways, consisting in the extension of the RER E railway line to western suburbs of Île-de-France region.

Hazards of Electromagnetic Radiation to Ordnance (HERO) has usually been assessed through

measurement campaigns on an inert instrumented munition. A method called “IPCRESS” [1] was recently proposed to try to assess the maximum power seen by electrically initiated device

(EID) in order to conclude on munition safety without the need for tests. This paper draws the limitations and approximations of the former approach and proposes a rigorous approach, based on Poynting theorem, to simulate the maximum power coupled to EIDs inside the system.

To ensure the performance of radio communication systems in military operations, the platform interference level needs to be regulated. To address this issue, there are military electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) standards.

In this work, the military emission standard NRE04S for platform interference is examined and compared to an alternative lower level. The analysis is performed for the frequency bands 30-88 MHz and 225-512 MHz with typical radio parameters of a military tactical radio system in different kinds of electromagnetic environments.

It is shown that emission levels permitted by the existing emission standard NRE04S Class 1 can impact the performance of a radio system on the platform severely. For example for the frequency band 225-512 MHz, the maximum range of the communication system is less than 55% of the original range when platform noise is added. The effects of an alternative stricter limit on platform noise is also analysed.

Recently, automotive industry witnessed a transition into more eco-friendly and autonomous cars. With this transition, the automotive industry adopted more electronic parts to decrease the mechanical parts and CO2 emissions. Despite this eco-friendly transition, using more advanced electronic devices and light emitting diode (LED) drivers has led to more electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) problems regarding both conducted and radiated emissions. Also, having lots of electronic circuits in confined vehicle spaces leads to higher aggregated emissions and more EMI problems. Therefore, this paper highlights the aggregated emissions by using multiple LED drivers and measuring their radiated emissions with different setups configurations. The setups configurations explore the impact of wire harness length, number of equipment under test and their locations.

High-voltage components in electrification vehicles are shielded with metal-based shielding systems to reduce electromagnetic noise. Because these high-voltage components are mounted in locations exposed to the outside environment of the vehicle, they can corrode over time. Corrosion of metals causes their physical properties to change, which causes their electrical properties to change. That is, shielding systems such as shielded cables, shielded connectors and grounding wires in enclosures are subject to corrosion. In this paper, we analyze the frequency properties of the radiated emission noise for an electrification vehicle, and the physical properties after the corrosion test. Also we perform a corrosion cycle test on an electrification vehicle to measure the radiated emission noise of the vehicle at different stages of corrosion. As a result, we experimentally verify the effect of corrosion and durability degradation on electromagnetic reliability (EMR) for an electrification vehicle.

Correctly designing an electromagnetic interference filter for a traction inverter can be a very time- consuming activity, due to the complexity of the task and the fact that it is typically addressed at the end of the inverter development, when the first samples are validated in the anechoic chamber. This paper proposes a simplified modeling approach aimed at anticipating the filter design and sizing in the early phase of the inverter design, making the full development more integrated. The designed filter is then characterized using the VNA and finally its effectiveness is tested by performing compliance tests in an anechoic chamber.

The statistical properties of the radiated emission pattern of a device are investigated by means of an unintentional radiator model consisting of randomized discrete hertzian dipole sources. A simple Monte-Carlo approach gives rise to the underlying nature of the spatial distribution of the radiation pattern and its dependency on the electrical size of the device to be modeled. The derived distribution is compared with a full-wave simulation and a measurement of a real device for validation.

In power converter design, switching components contribute to radiated electromagnetic interference (EMI) due to their turn-on and turn-off transients. In a multi-sourcing environment, selecting the optimal diode to decrease electromagnetic emissions is critical. This paper presents a component-level validation method using the double-pulse test to predict EMI differences when diodes from different suppliers are integrated into the same product. This approach eliminates the need for repetitive full-system testing, significantly reducing time and cost while ensuring robust EMI. The results demonstrate that diodes with higher reverse recovery current generate more EMI under identical operating conditions.

The common-mode (CM) and differential-mode (DM) impedance play a crucial role in determining electromagnetic interference (EMI) noise in grid-fed motor drives. The impedance characteristics of an induction motor (IM) vary significantly with its power rating, directly influencing parasitic effects. However, the impact of motor size on CM and DM impedance, as well as its effect on EMI noise—particularly in the SUPRA EMC range (2 kHz–150 kHz) and conducted emissions (150 kHz–30 MHz)—has been rarely explored together. This paper investigates the influence of motor parasitic effects by analyzing real CM and DM impedance plots for IMs in the 0.55 kW–500 kW power range. A HF motor model is then employed to quantify CM and DM noise and assess the impact of impedance variations on EMI noise propagation for 1.1 kW and 55 kW IM using Q-spice.

The derivation of a modal equivalent-circuit representation for the full-wave PEEC-method is presented. It is based on a frequency-independent eigenvalue problem, whose solution provides a set of eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Subsequently, a very efficient canonical and stable Foster-type modal equivalent circuit can be synthesized, which describes the full-wave system behavior accurately within the considered bandwidth while reducing the total number of unknowns by several orders of magnitude. As an application example, a crosstalk problem for wire interconnections in combination with a metallic housing is presented. The synthesized network model enables the simulation of port-transfer functions in the frequencyand time domain. The consideration of the corresponding eigenvectors for the current distribution provides a very effective means for noise-reduction measures, as demonstrated by the optimal placement of ferrite beads.

In the past two decades, reverberation chambers (RCs) have been increasingly utilized in large-scale rodent bioassays to study dose-response relationships for cancer and non-cancer biological endpoints. Computational radio-frequency (RF) dosimetry plays a critical role in the design of these studies, influencing key parameters such as RC size, number, cohort size, and exposure frequencies. Given the complexity of modeling animal-loaded RCs, simplified random plane-wave (PW) superposition techniques have often been used, though full-wave characterizations have also been explored. This study expands previous research by analyzing the effects of line-of-sight (LoS) elimination in the Università Politecnica delle Marche RC at 900 MHz, modeling 96 caged rodents. Using whole-body Specific Absorption Rate (wbSAR) as the key observable, the study highlights asymmetries in RC exposures, showing higher wbSAR values near the mode-stirrer. The study investigates field diffusers and cage repositioning strategies to mitigate these imbalances. Simulations conducted with Transmission-Line Matrix (TLM) and Finite Element Method (FEM) techniques reveal a weaker correlation between wbSAR and rodent mass than previously reported. These findings suggest that real-world RC configurations introduce exposure variations not necessarily captured by idealized Rayleigh field models, impacting the interpretation of rodent bioassay results.

The design of high-speed serial links for aeronautical equipment, addressing challenges like the optimization of impedance discontinuities, requires a careful signal integrity analysis. A measurement methodology on a test vehicle was developed to correlate simulation results with real-world measurements. By evaluating de-embedding methods, characterizing material properties and 3D connector models, the goal is to reduce reliance on costly test vehicles while increasing confidence in simulation tools. This approach supports the aerospace industry's need for high-performance, reliable, and cost-effective PCB solutions.

This paper demonstrates the importance of parameter initialization in the co-simulation of integrated circuit emission in a Transverse Electro Magnetic (TEM) cell using the time windowing waveform relaxation (WR) method. The study focuses on the Freescale MPC5534-324 microcontroller and uses an equivalent circuit-based model for the TEM cell. The WR method is applied to three subsystems: subsystem 1 (the equivalent power distribution network model of the printed circuit board), subsystem 2 (the Integrated Circuit Emission Model - Conducted Emission model) and subsystem 3 (the equivalent circuit-based far-field coupling model to the TEM cell). Initially, at splitting points, WR parameters are set to zero. With an input voltage of 1.8 V, the co-simulation output voltage is compared to the full system, resulting in an average error of -16.4 dB. The WR method converges in 9 iterations with a CPU time of 14.45 s, whereas the full system requires 10.8 s, i.e. the WR-based co-simulation is 33.8% slower than the full system. To improve accuracy, the output values from the WR method are used as initial parameter values in the time windowing WR method. After 14 iterations with an arbitrary four number of time windows, the results closely match those of the full system, with the average error improving to -45 dB, which is nearly identical to the full system (less than 2% difference in dB). Additionally, the time windowing WR method achieves a CPU time that is 32.2% faster than the WR method and close to that of the full system...

According to CISPR 32, the voltage/current conversion factor should be 43.5 dBΩ. However, the voltage/current conversion factor due to conversion from differential mode to common mode of AANs varies depending on the common mode impedance of the EUT. This paper shows that by using an improved transformer-type AAN for 8-wire unscreened balanced pair cables, a voltage/current conversion factor of 43.5　dBΩ can be achieved through round robin testing, thereby enhancing the reproducibility of conducted emission measurements on wired network ports, even across different environmental test sites.

This paper presents a tunable magnetic field resonant probe designed for near-field electromagnetic interference scanning. The proposed probe offers frequency tunability up to 16 GHz and can also operate as a broadband probe up to 20 GHz, surpassing the limitations of existing resonant probes. Unlike varactor-tuned probes, this design enables frequency tuning by modifying PCB-mounted capacitors, ensuring stable operation without detuning under high-power conditions. The probe was simulated in CST, fabricated, and tested, showing excellent agreement between simulations and measurements. Results demonstrate a significant signal-to-noise ratio improvement of 10–20 dB compared to non-resonant probes of similar size. The probe’s compact structure, impedance-matching capabilities, and strong performance at high frequencies enhance spatial resolution and measurement accuracy, making it a versatile tool for high-frequency EMI diagnostics.

Designing and calculating a ground circuit is unfortunately not an easy task. The problem is even more complex when it comes to a grounding circuit made up of several interconnected grounding systems, as in the case of wind farms. The measurement, which is generally very expensive, is not sufficient and the engineers then use numerical modelling to try to find the optimal solution. In this paper we propose a simplified numerical modelling allowing to simulate both an individual grounding system and a set of grounding systems interconnected by bare or insulated conductors (example: grounding circuit of a wind farm). This modelling using the electromagnetic topological formalism for a complex network, which is composed of towers and buried conductors, is developed from the theory of transmission lines (TL) and makes it possible to consider the variation of soil electrical parameters with frequency. To validate this model, we compare our calculation results for Ground Potential Rise (GPR) with those recently published in the literature.

Beside the radiated immunity test with continuous wave signals, devices might also react to other excitations, e.g. band limited white noise signals. For this purpose, an anechoic chamber appears to be an evident testing environment for broadband immunity, because these signals do not get distorted by the properties of the chamber. In comparison, reverberation chambers offer some advantages for immunity tests, making it a desirable alternative environment. However, the reverberation chamber builds up on statistical processes, so the reflections at the walls lead to significant distortions of the excitation signal. This work presents a comparison of the electromagnetic fields inside a semi anechoic and a reverberation chamber with regard to the resulting distortion when excited with band limited white noise signals with center frequencies at 250 MHz, 600 MHz and 950 MHz, each with a bandwidth of 100 MHz.

This paper shows, using time-domain measurements performed at different frequencies, that repetitive stirring patterns of a VIRC can be detected using a simple time-domain autocorrelation performed over several seconds. In order to obtain a large effective sample size (or in other terms a large number of independent samples), it is of vital importance to break this repetitive pattern. The results which are presented show that the fact to excite a VIRC similarly at different points leads to VIRC poor performance. It is therefore imperative to break this periodical pattern in order to ensure high VIRC performance.

This paper is an extension of a simulation study done in [1] to confirm the findings that a stirrer design can improve a Reverberation chamber's lowest usable frequency (LUF) and overall uniform field distribution in practice. This paper focuses on the comparison of the performance parameters of the three SARAO reverberation chambers with different stirrer designs, assessed by the IEC calibration procedure. By calibrating the chambers, it allowed the comparison of the results based on the particular stirrer-to-chamber volume ratio which led to confirmation that the chamber performance can be optimized by implementing a correct-sized stirrer design.

This study investigates the performance of a reverberation chamber under random boundary conditions with a uniform field distribution to take into account the irregularities of the wall, in particular at high frequencies as millimeter band. Wall irregularities cause more randomize field inside the chamber than a perfect electric conductor. An FDTD code is optimized to simulate a random boundaries based reverberation chamber with a stirrer. The number of uncorrelated positions are evaluated by using the mode stirrer to characterize random boundaries, and thus bringing a more chaotic behavior inside the chamber. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistical analysis further exhibits that the chamber’s field distribution aligns well with theoretical expectations. Results point out the suitability of a reverberation chamber for electromagnetic compatibility tests and wireless device characterization in the millimeter band, where the walls are not ideal. These findings reinforce the effectiveness of reverberation chambers in controlled electromagnetic environments.

A technique for analyzing the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of low-orbit mega-constellations (LOMC) with terrestrial radio systems is developed. The technique is based on estimating the power flux density (PFD) at the Earth's surface of radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation generated by satellites of mega-constellation. The initial data for the assessment of PFD are the system characteristics of mega-constellation: the height of orbital shells, the number of satellites in one shell, the capacity of space-to-Earth channels, the parameters of antennas of satellites, user earth stations (UES), and gateway earth stations (GES). The developed technique has been applied to analyze the EMC of a LOMC with radio relay communication links (RRL) that uses frequencies in the band 17.7–19.3 GHz on a secondary basis. It has been established that with an increase in the number of satellites and gateway earth stations in a LOMC, the probability of interference created by LOMCs to the functioning of RRL decreases due to the increasing of the elevation angle of satellites connecting with GES and the spatial selection of satellite radiation by RRL antennas. However, the increase in the number of deployed LOMC requires tightening the operating rules for each of them to ensure EMC with terrestrial radio systems.

MnZn inductors are widely used in electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) to suppress electromagnetic interference (EMI). In real operating conditions, the temperature of MnZn cores can increase significantly. However, manufacturers and literature provide limited information about the temperature-dependent behavior of inductors and core materials over frequency. This paper investigates a MnZn core by measuring its complex permeability, complex permittivity, and impedance over frequency at discrete temperatures from 20°C to 120°C. Moreover, MnZn inductors experience strong electromagnetic coupling due to surrounding elements, which are challenging to consider through traditional circuit simulations. In this context, 3D full-wave simulation tools are emerging as a promising solution to take into account near-field electromagnetic couplings. This work novelly applies a small-signal inductor 3D simulation methodology to achieve accurate results up to 1 GHz under varying temperature conditions.