The international dispersion of fragmented tasks has led to the formation of global value chains (GVCs), linking diverse firms across borders. Traditionally seen as drivers of economic and social progress in developing countries, GVCs enable firms to advance technologically and improve worker conditions. However, economic gains often fail to translate into social benefits, as seen in cases like Nike’s contractors and Rana Plaza. The aim of the panel is to offer new perspectives on GVCs in an international business context. We will discuss why irresponsible practices persist across the GVC, question assumptions on the role of the MNE vs the suppliers, emphasize novel insights from economic geography, and discuss broader policy implications.