This abstract examines the interrelated problems that middle-class and low-income nations face, with a particular emphasis on sovereign debt crises, unemployment, inflation, and economic insecurity. The study explores these problems' underlying causes and effects, highlighting how they interact with one another and how they affect the economy. The main issue is economic instability, which is defined as erratic income, insufficient social safety nets, and increased financial vulnerability. Economic instability is exacerbated by the growing sovereign debt crisis, which also limits government resources and makes budgetary difficulties worse.

The many facets of unemployment's significance for both economic productivity and societal well-being are examined, making it a serious concern. Additionally, the study investigates inflationary pressures, analyzing the causes of price increases and the effects they have on businesses and consumers. The study emphasizes how critical it is to tackle these issues holistically, considering the complex interrelationships across economic variables.

The abstract also addresses international cooperation mechanisms and possible policy actions that may be implemented to lessen the effects of inflation, unemployment, sovereign debt crises, and economic insecurity. The results highlight the necessity of customized approaches that take into consideration the conditions of middle- and low-income nations while acknowledging the intricate interactions between local and international variables. In the end, the study advances knowledge of the complex economic issues these countries are facing and offers suggestions for viable paths toward long-term economic growth and recovery.

References

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GILLS, BARRY K. “Going South: Capitalist Crisis, Systemic Crisis, Civilisational Crisis.” Third World Quarterly 31, no. 2 (2010): 169–84. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25677765.

Bakoup, Ferdinand. “GLOBALIZATION: A VARIABLE GEOMETRY PROCESS.” In Africa and Economic Policy: Developing a Framework for Policymakers, 135–60. Anthem Press, 2014. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1gxp7v1.13.

The industrial pollution has created serious health issues among communities, raised fingers toward industries, and evolved regulators to take active actions but rare attention has been paid in rural areas. Hence, this study aims to examine the impacts of industrial pollution on the health of poor citizen in rural areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistan. It also inspects the mediating role of injustice in financial assistance between the industrial pollution and health issues. Data were collected in quantitative way through questionnaire-based survey from the rural citizen in the surroundings of industrial zones and the sites of oil and gas extraction companies in rural areas of KPK, Pakistan. The collected data were analyzed through Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to find results. The study found that the industrial pollution has created serious health issues like respiratory diseases, cancers, decreased lung function, and asthma among the rural citizens of KPK, Pakistan. The study also found that the injustice in financial assistance mediates the relationship between the industrial pollution and health issues among rural citizen of KPK, Pakistan. The results have interesting implications for policy, environmental regulators, and elucidate the practitioners understanding to define more stable environmental policies, make sure the fair distribution of financial aids among the rural areas to control the health issues and infectious diseases, and build more sustainable societies. Even, prior studies have paid wide attention to the industrial pollution, health issues, financial assistance, but this is the first study in these domains.

In recent years the importance of monitoring and evaluation has been increasingly realized in development cooperation and as such cannot be underestimated in Village Savings and Loans Association (VSLA) interventions. However, monitoring and supervision of development projects in Ghana is poor and the effectiveness of monitoring and evaluation (M&E) practices in promoting sustainable VSLA’s is not yet empirically tested in any study in Ghana. This paper presents data on 385 VSLA members across three districts in northern Ghana and examines how M&E promotes sustainable VSLA’s. We performed thematic analysis to aid the descriptive statistics generated from the quantitative data collected in the study and we identified three main issues namely, “VSLA leadership and governance’’, ‘’VSLA linkages to institutions such as banks”, and “intra-VSLA dynamics and access to group loans or credits”, as factors or issues limiting VSLA sustainability in Northern Ghana. Our results shows that poor leadership” and “poor record keeping” representing 66.7% and 76.7% respectively affects VSLA sustainability. Also, we found that 75% of the respondents agreed that “M&E practice has an influence on VSLA projects accountability”. Similarly, our analysis shows that M&E practice around VSLA members’ savings had the potential to create a sense of program ownership which inspires self-confidence and a sense of commitment among members to ensure sustainability of the VSLA’s. Our study concluded that district assemblies in consultation with the department of community development, and NGO’s should mainstream VSLA interventions at the local assembly level. Finally, this study offers some recommendation suggesting that, monitoring and follow-ups should be integral to VSLA programming to help address challenges and other issues on time, as this will facilitate proper recordkeeping and management as well as proper use of the member’s savings.

Home - Grown Solutions play an important role in ensuring sustainable development. The Republic of Rwanda stands as a shining example in this realm. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has mentioned that “Rwanda’s recovery from the 1994 Genocide and its rapid economic growth, about 8 per cent on average over last 15 years, continues to be an inspiration to developing countries around the world,” (UNDP, 2021).

Rwanda’s transformation journey from obscurity to development was pioneered by “locally engineered policy innovations” known as home-grown solutions. Peacebuilding processes and initiatives in Rwanda was a fruitful result of home-grown solutions in the world. No other country in the world has effectively made use of the power of home-grown solutions than Rwanda not only in post-conflict resolutions and reconstructions but also in strengthening political, social, and economic transformations. In the last 20 years, the Rwandan government have come up with several home-grown solutions and notable among them are Gacaca (Community Courts), Girnika (One Cow Per Family), Umuganada (Community Work),

The introductory part of the paper offers a brief profile of Rwanda and traces the evolution of the home-grown solutions. The first part provides a detailed discussion on the ten home-grown solutions based in Rwanda including Gacaca (Community Courts), Ubudehe (Collectively Solve Problems), Girnika programme (One Cow Per Family), Umuganada (Community Work), Imihigo (Performance Contracts), Vision 2020 Umurenge, Community-Based Health Insurance , Tubarerere Mu Muryango (Let us Raise Children in Families), Itorero (Civic Education), Ingando (Solidarity Camp) . The third part of the paper critically evaluates the contribution of the selected ten home-grown solutions in enhancing participatory and accountable governance, reducing vulnerability, fostering social cohesion and nurturing inclusive human development. It is followed by a detailed discussion and conclusion on the need to adopt home-grown solutions to build and sustain shared futures.